Information Theft Essay -- Internet Net World Wide Web Media

Information TheftThe world grows continually smaller. Each passing day interconnectivity amongst personal computers becomes increasingly normative. These electronic bridges atomic number 18 at the foundation of the networks of networks which comprise the Internet, which was initially a concept developed as a means by which both communication and vast pull in of information could be preserved in the event of a nuclear war. The design was simple a system of information exchange which was indestructible in its redundancy. In other words, Russia would need to vaporize North America entirely to with the Cold War.In the absence of a real war, for years the Internet remained be largely by members of academic and scientific communities who prized and throve upon instant exchange of information. It was these individuals who became the first denizens of cyberspace, a new frontier characterized, like the wild west, by anarchy and governed, similarly, by the good sense of inhabitants.With int erest in the Internet as a phenomenon increasing steadily over the past decade, however, it is evident that those now living argon witnesses of a bizarre transformation whereby technological experience becomes wholly integral to our daily routine. As scores flock to experience the new online realm, tiny enclaves of similarly-interested individuals ruffle into electronic communities engaging in facilitated exchange of ideas, goods and information. As these communities continue to grow, codes of conduct are frequently established, challenged, and broken. People begin to engage in ecommerce, to establish eculture and to dispute being a good netizen. These are the inhabitants of todays cyberspace. Among these inhabitants are some individuals whose ... ...being said, it is intuitively understood that on some level Kevin Mitnick did engage in the theft of information. What ashes unclear is how we as a society should respond. It does not seem that he ought to be severely punished for w hat amounts to curiosity. Certainly he could have made a great deal of money and caused extensive damage, but there is simply no evidence of this being his intent. In the absence of a precedent, it is difficult to enunciate wisely. The only certainty is that as more people come to inhabit cyberspace, more of these cases provide come to the forefront of our imagination and attention, more legal decisions will be made and more precedents set which will have real bearing on your very own little corner of cyberspace.Works CitedLittman, Jonathan. The transient Game Online with Kevin Mitnick. Little, Brown and Company. New York 1997.

Hannibal :: essays research papers

Hannibal Smokin Is Voluntary/Two Parties My ASS/Other Random Stuff**Disclaimer The hate on this page is omni-directional, and you exit most likely be offended. Iusually update and add to the content when Im pissed, so dont get your fucking panties in abunch if you hear something that you disagree with or is insulting. And if you do, you fuckin suckcocks and should never use the internet, which is filled with free speech and opposing opinions.Fuck off asshole.** Goddamn, if I hear or see another add, semi universal service anouncement, or other jerk off on TV tellingme how legal, private, cigarette companies are responsible for people starting and continuing tosmoke, Im discharge to load my rifle, sit in front of a mirror, and see what it would look like to paint aroom with my brains Smoking is fucking voluntary If you recollect its wrong, if you think it shortensyour lifespan, or has any other effect other than the ones that we already know fuck you up, dontdo it Son of a bitch , dont scapegoat a marketer/producer of a legal and overly regulated product ifyou cant get it through your skull that inhaling any kind of smoke will destroy lung tissue seducesome fucking responsibility and/or accountability you bleeding heart burnouts Message To Gore...To Bush Fuck off You both suck, you dishonor the memory of the revolutionaries who took up the gun toassure that the soil we stand on would be free. Cmon Gore Not fundraising? Geez, you have to be a lobotomized mental patient/a loyalDemocrat to actually believe that Maybe if you took long hard look at what the teachers unionsare doing to the youth of America by controling you (i.e., making it so that public schoolsmaintain a virtual monopoly on education and therefore removing any need to compete andimprove in-class conditions) or how you betrayed everyone who voted you into the senate (sinceyou sold out to Clinton when you were an upstanding Tennessee humans who voted to get thegovernment off our asses when it came to gun control), youd do the world a favor by killingyourself. O Bushy Boy... Ah, you disgrace the history of the republican party...You trivialize everything that theRepublican party used to stand for (less government, control of your own money, instillingmoral/ethical values)...Youre the lesser of two evils and most American will choose you...but theCIA chose the lesser of two evils years ago in the Middle East, decided to fund him, train him,

Rattle Bone :: essays research papers

Pieces of a Novel Puzzle&8220A novel or a collection of in brief stories? may be a question that a critic asks about Rattlebone. Maxine Clair portrays both arguments with her energetic pen style. A bl end up of random comments and many uncommon phrases intermix with the intense plot. Writing like this gives the reader a more relaxed state and the book seems more alive and real. In answer to the critique question, Maxine Clair is theme a novel because of an abundant supply of foreshadowing, a collection of narrators, a recurrence of characters, and a process commonly known to man as aging.Suggesting that Rattlebone is in fact a novel, foreshadowing occurred in several places during the book. Clair uses this writing method by mentioning the name October Brown, partly because Brown is involved at the beginning and towards the end of the book. Ms. Brown became an important part of Irene&8217s life, not only by being one of the main reasons for her parents&8217 divorce, but also by he lping Irene fall upon one of her goals. The time that occurred between these two events in the book connects Rattlebone and is a very good use of foreshadowing. Another example of Clair&8217s use of this writing method is the experience of the divorce between Irene&8217s parents. This long-term process displayed Irene&8217s parents as being unforgiving. At first his wife frees James Wilson for the involution that he enjoyed with October Brown, but after a period of time, Pearl also had her share of the fall in their relationship. At this time, neither one of Irene&8217s parents would forgive the other nor make up with the other. This example again shows the use of foreshadowing by Clair by evolving the event over several chapters with different narrators.Irene, the narrator in several different stages of the divorce between her parents, speaks her feelings of disgust and always tries to keep her parents&8217 relationship together. Another side of the story comes from October Brow n&8217s landlord, Mrs. Pemberton. Mrs. Pemberton wants nothing to do with the affair and therefor tries to separate the two lovers. Irene takes the stage again and reveals to the reader subconsciously, that her father is the man having the affair. The use of two narrators, each having a different quality at the situation, may seem confusing to the reader at first, but once the chapters are all read and the whole story gets across, it becomes apparent why the change in narration was necessary.

Barriers to Effective Communication :: Functions of Communication

There are a wide number of sources of noise or interference that can enter into the discourse process. This can occur when people now each other very well and should understand the sources of error. In a work setting, it is even more plebeian since interactions involve people who not only dont have years of experience with each other, but communication is complicated by the complex and often conflictual relationships that exist at work. In a work setting, the following suggests a number of sources of noise Language The choice of words or language in which a sender encodes a message will influence the quality of communication. Because language is a symbolic representation of a phenomenon, room for interpreation and distortion of the mean exists. In the above example, the Boss uses language (this is the third day youve missed) that is likely to convey far more than objective information. To Terry it conveys indifference to her medical problems. Note that the corresponding(p) words will be interpreted different by each different person. Meaning has to be given to words and many detailors affect how an individual will attribute meaning to particular words. It is important to note that no two people will attribute the exact same meaning to the same words. defensiveness, distorted perceptions, guilt, project, transference, distortions from the past misreading of body language, tone and other non-verbal forms of communication (see section below) noisy transmission (unreliable messages, inconsistency) receiver distortion selective hearing, ignoring non-verbal cues power struggles self-fulfilling assupmtions language-different levels of meaning managers hesitation to be candid assumptions-eg. assuming others see situation same as you, has same feelings as you distrusted source, erroneous translation, value judgment, state of mind of two people Perceptual Biases People attend to stimuli in the environment in very different ways. We each have shortcuts that we use to organize data. Invariably, these shortcuts introduce few biases into communication. Some of these shortcuts include stereotyping, projection, and self-fulfilling prophecies. Stereotyping is one of the most common. This is when we assume that the other person has certain characteristics based on the group to which they belong without validating that they in fact have these characteristics.

Stop, Think, and Listen Before Speaking Essay example -- essays resear

Stop, Think, and Listen Before SpeakingWhen people speak before thinking or nevertheless listening to what is being said, the breakdown of communication can happen rapidly. Poor listening habits can negatively affect business and personal relationships. Here is a situation where poor listening habits and poor thinking skills had a negative impact and hindered the communications between a leader of a Family Readiness conference (FRG) and the FRG members. In July of 2003, 1/87 Infantry Battalion deployed to combat in Afghanistan. The deployment was to be only six months long, and the soldiers would be rejoined with their family members shortly after the New course of study started. The family members that were left behind formed a FRG to assist families during the deployment. Deborah, being the most senior wife in the section was, made the section FRG leader, which means her duties were to progress the FRG members advised and up-to-date on the situation of the deployed soldiers. However, Deborah worked a fulltime job and had a family of her own to care for Deborah attended alone the battalion FRG meetings. Deborah also called, informed, and kept all her members up-to-date of the incoming information that was being released at the battalion FRG meetings. Deborah would also pass on information to the members of her sections FRG that was given to her by her save Deborah was doing her best to ease the minds of the family members that were left behind to run the house and carry on with daily life.At the time, it was late November and the Battalion was scheduled to return shoes in six weeks. Thanksgiving was only two days away, Christmas was honourable around the corner a feeling of hope and joy was in the air. Then, in the middle of the night, Deborahs phone rang Deborahs husband was calling she could tell from his voice that something was wrong. Through a cracked voice, Deborahs husband informed her that he had just received word that the Battalion would be staying in Afghanistan for another four to six months. He asked Deborah if she could call just the sections wives and as tactfully as she could, inform the wives. He also asked Deborah to tell the wives that the information being passed was not being formally released as of yet that he just wanted to give the wives a forewarning so that they were not blindsided when the extension was prescribedly released. As soon as Deborah hung u... ...ully to what was being said to them. When Deborah called the section wives and informed them that even though the information was not official, she felt that this was her duty to give the wives in her section a forewarning that the Battalions deployment to Afghanistan would be increase another four to six months. The wives should have listened to what was being said and prepared themselves for when the information was officially released instead they became emotional and made the situation spin away of control and hurt Deborah, the one person t hat was looking out for the sections wives best interests. In conclusion, the entire situation could have been avoided two varied ways. The first way the situation could have been avoided was if the wives that called crying to the Commanders wife would have listened closer to what Deborah was informing them of, even though what she was saying was not what they wanted to hear. The second way the situation could have been avoided was if Deborah would have kept the information that she had received from her husband concerning the Battalion being extended in Afghanistan to herself, and waited for the official release from the Battalion.

Stop, Think, and Listen Before Speaking Essay example -- essays resear

Stop, Think, and Listen Before SpeakingWhen people speak before thinking or even auditory sense to what is being said, the sectionalisation of communication can happen rapidly. Poor listening habits can negatively affect business and personal relationships. Here is a mail where poor listening habits and poor thinking skills had a negative impact and hindered the communications between a leader of a Family Readiness Group (FRG) and the FRG members. In July of 2003, 1/87 Infantry Battalion deployed to combat in Afghanistan. The deployment was to be only six months long, and the soldiers would be rejoined with their family members shortly after the New Year started. The family members that were remaining behind make a FRG to assist families during the deployment. Deborah, being the most senior wife in the section was, made the section FRG leader, which means her duties were to keep the FRG members deposeed and up-to-date on the situation of the deployed soldiers. However, Deborah worked a fulltime job and had a family of her own to care for Deborah attended all the battalion FRG meetings. Deborah also called, informed, and kept all her members up-to-date of the incoming teaching that was being released at the battalion FRG meetings. Deborah would also pass on information to the members of her sections FRG that was given to her by her husband Deborah was doing her best to ease the minds of the family members that were left behind to run the house and carry on with daily life.At the time, it was late November and the Battalion was scheduled to return home in six weeks. seemliness was only two days a itinerary, Christmas was just around the corner a feeling of hope and joy was in the air. Then, in the middle of the night, Deborahs anticipate rang Deborahs husband was calling she could tell from his voice that something was wrong. Through a cracked voice, Deborahs husband informed her that he had just received rule book that the Battalion would be staying i n Afghanistan for another four to six months. He asked Deborah if she could call just the sections wives and as tactfully as she could, inform the wives. He also asked Deborah to tell the wives that the information being passed was not being formally released as of yet that he just wanted to give the wives a forewarning so that they were not blindsided when the extension was officially released. As soon as Deborah hung u... ...ully to what was being said to them. When Deborah called the section wives and informed them that even though the information was not official, she felt that this was her duty to give the wives in her section a forewarning that the Battalions deployment to Afghanistan would be extended another four to six months. The wives should have listened to what was being said and prepared themselves for when the information was officially released instead they became emotional and made the situation spin out of control and hurt Deborah, the peerless person that was lo oking out for the sections wives best interests. In conclusion, the entire situation could have been avoided two different ways. The first way the situation could have been avoided was if the wives that called crying to the Commanders wife would have listened closer to what Deborah was informing them of, even though what she was saying was not what they wanted to hear. The second way the situation could have been avoided was if Deborah would have kept the information that she had received from her husband concerning the Battalion being extended in Afghanistan to herself, and waited for the official release from the Battalion.

Biodiversity and Green Infrastructure in Urban Planning

Biodiversity park Infrastructure in Urban PlanningIntroductionIn the 1990s, the construct of Green Infrastructure has been mentioned in the United States. It used to be identified as an attack to cover with H2O direction, clime version and multifunctional grand infinite. Now, after long clip survey, EU identifies thatGreen origination is the electronic network of natural and semi-natural countries, characteristics and green infinites in rural and urban, tellurian, fresh water, coastal and marine countries, which together enhance ecosystem wellness and resiliency, contribute to biodiversity preservation and benefit human populations by means of the care and sweetening of ecosystem services. Green substructure base be strengthened through strategic and coordinated enterprises that focus on maintaining, reconstructing, bettering and linking bing countries and characteristics every bit pricy as making refreshful countries and features.( Naumann, 2011 )This essay will discourse th e earth-service corporation of GI in biodiversity facet. It will demo the basic maps of GI for biodiversity and policy range in UK planning system and EU degree. After that, this essay will analyze three instances and supply statement slightly consequence GI undertake.General seismic disturbance on BiodiversityUrban Green substructure canful fetch to biodiversity through provide high quality air, dirt and H2O. This influence will be mediated by the endure of air or H2O between constituents of the wider landscape, or the usage of green infinite elements for resources or motion.Increase habitat countryThe home farmings provided in urban green substructure can be peculiarly of import for a scope of species. As the country available for habitation additions, both the population size of single species and the entire species profusion of an country addition. The species-area relationship works about bully for urban commonaltyss and other stray urban green infinite spy ( Cold ing, 2007 ) .Part of the species-area relationship is due to larger countries be givening to hold a greater diverseness in home grounds.Increasing populations of some protected speciesA broad scope of UK Biodiversity Action Plan ( UKBAP ) precedence species make usage of urban green substructure. Some home grounds that are characteristic of urban green substructure are of national or international importance. In peculiar, the new UKBAP home ground Open Mosaic Habitat on Previously Developed domain of a function ( OMHOPDL ) is lose weightd in urban and peri-urban countries. It is an of import home ground for many rare or threatened invertebrates, workss and birds due more or lessly to the alone dirt conditions. Green substructure can help in increasing such populations.Increasing species motionUrban green substructure creates chances for longer-distance motion for some species. This allows species to travel about within, and between, urban countriesPolicy contextThere is a clear - prove policy model that indicates green infrastructures part to biodiversity in United Kingdom. Natural environment white paper ( 2011 ) sets out the long-run phiz which aims to holding biodiversity personnel casualty by 2020 and set uping ecological webs. And the whiter paper considers GI as the links in our national ecological network and one of the most effectual tools available to us in pull offing environmental hazards such as implosion therapy and heat waves . Green substructure Partnership ( 2011 ) identifies GI as an attack to heighten ecological webs and better communities wellness protect wildlife and resiliency to climate alteration. The National Planning Policy Framework indicates that GI can cut down influences by human activities on biodiversity and supply cyberspace additions.The European Environment Agency proposed the EU 2010 Biodiversity Baseline that EU has failed the mark of holding biodiversity loss in 2010. The Natura 2000 identifies that EU should constru ct green substructure to better ecosystem and associate urban country and rural country. Green Infrastructure includesre-afforestation zones, green Bridgess and green roofs, green urban countries, fish migration channels, floodplain Restoration and flood-retention installations every bit good as natural countries, high-value farming area and forest countries, which demonstrate the advantages of nature-based solutions to strictly accomplished 1s, or advanced planning attacks for intelligent, multi-purpose land usage.( EU, 2014 )Case surveyThe old Rough Wild visor ProjectThe old rough wild flower chore is a landmark attempt for land life demoing that high quality and originative landscape can better day-to-day life and biodiversity. The undertaking is a community landscape undertaking which is located in the Northwood country of Kirkby, near Liverpool. The undertaking includes over 2hectares of dramatic wild flower landscapes, which are established on a thirty-year old public lodgi ng country. In add-on to, members of community environment undertaking squad country trained to response making high quality landscapes for the Northwood Community.The wild flower undertaking non merely protects the wild flower in urban country, but besides brings economic and societal benefits to this topographic point. This country is used to be a bedraggled public lodging country with occupants, who are extremely deprived and have low outlook in reinforced environment. Now, the beautiful flower brings new energy to the community. People appreciate to bask the position of wild flower landscapesThe wild flower undertaking is an first-class new townscape, which was given the UK-MAB Urban wildlife honour for supplying a high quality landscape of wild flowers. The undertaking was invested by charity organisation, Landlife. And the care work is led by local anesthetic church building service people, which includes litter remotion and tidying of the country.The Florida Wildlife Corrid orWith decennaries be aftering and readyings, the states Florida Ecological Greenways Network ( FEGN ) has established precedence ecologic corridors to supplying home ground for wide-ranging species, which whitethorn include Florida Panther and Florida black bear. From Everlades to Okefenokee, the corridor combines all of the critical linkages to build a map web of public and private countries, which would protect the ecosystem service, native biodiversity and natural heritage.( picture2, offshoot from Florida corridor )Targets of Florida wildlife Corridor UndertakingProtect and reconstruct home ground and migration corridors indispensable for the endurance of Floridas diverse wildlife, including wide-ranging jaguars, black bears and other native speciesRestore H2O flow to the Everglades and sustain H2O supply to southern FloridaContinue to safeguard the St. Johns River and H2O supply for cardinal and north FloridaProlong the wholesome production, economic systems and cultural beq uests of working spreads and farms within the corridorBolster local economic systems through change magnituded chances such as hunting, fishing, birdwatching and other signifiers of eco-tourismGive wildlife and workss room to accommodate to a altering clime and sea degree riseThe corridor undertaking is responded by many natural organisations, such as the nature conservancy, the preservation trust or the Evergladess. Harmonizing to the marks, the corridor besides can link the farms and spreads within it. It can pull the visitants to increase the local economic development. And the private landholder and pertinent stakeholders would take portion in the undertaking to contracture and protect the corridor.The Florida wildlife corridor undertaking is a national undertaking which influences on several regionals, provinces and federal bureaus. And it is besides a long-run program which requests people lodging to execution. In order to popularising the undertaking, several people launche d an expedition from Florida Bay in Everglades National Park up the peninsula to Okenfenokee National wildlife Refuge in southern Georgia. Through picture, material bodys and web logs, they showed the position of corridor to public. They want to raise consciousness of public about their importance to the Florida.Ely Country ParkEly state park undertaking aims to protect the valuable home ground for wildlife in the eastern border of Ely, such as lakes, reed beds, forests and grass lands. The undertaking was proposed in 2006 at first clip. After cooperation with local land proprietor and 100s of members of public, Ely wild infinite created a multiple- functional zone which is acknowledge as green infinite field-grade officerR wildlife and local people likewise. ( picture3, beginning from wildspace )Roswell PitRoswell Pit supports many genteelness birds including the great crested grebe and kingfisher and provides forage and resting countries during winter for other birds such as th e bittern. With a broad assortment of home grounds many other species are found here including H2O field mouses, otters, a variety of chiropteran species, Luscinia megarhynchoss, terns and many workss including the bee orchid and elephantine horsetail. It is besides a diversion installation, supplying entree to seafaring and angling.Ely Common( Picture 5, beginning from wildspace )The common is a popular walking and diversion country. It is besides a beautful wild flower hayfield back uping species such as adders tongue fern, and there are historical records of green winged orchids.Springhead Lane hayfield( Picture 6, beginning from wildspace )This country supports species such as grasshopper warblers, H2O rail and red-winged blackbird and provides runing evidences for barn bird of Minerva.Pocket Park( image 8, beginning from wildspace )A park near to the metropolis Centre, this country provides unfastened green infinites that are used by many people for diversion.Now, Ely Country Park is a successful undertaking for protecting and heighten local biodiversity. And the park besides becomes a welcome relaxing country for local occupants in repress clip. Peoples can wing along a nothing wire, cope your manner up a mounting frame and bask the company of friends and household. In general, this undertaking was invested by the Natural England and the Wildlife Trust.ComparisonThe old Rough WildflowerThe Florida Wildlife CorridorEly Country ParkDegreeLocalStateLocalInvestingCharity, organisationGovernment, organisation fundOrganization fund, public fundGI optionsLandscapeEcologic corridorCountry parkBiodiversity BenefitsWildflowersSurvival of Floridas diverse wildlife, including wide-ranging jaguars, black bears and other native speciesValuable home ground for wildlife, including lakes, reed beds, seasonally flooded hayfields, forests and grasslandsTime graduated tableShortLongShortOther mapImprove built environment, quality of wellness and life, EducationRestore H2 O flow to the Everglades and sustain H2O supply to southern FloridaProlong the nutrient production, economic systems band cultural bequests of working spreads and farms within the corridorBolster local economic systems through increased chancesloosen uping country for local occupants in trim clipManagementLocal church people, litter remotion and tidying of the country.Florida province governingEly Wildspace, local councilPublic engagementLocal occupantsLandowners, local peopleLandowners, local peopleHarmonizing to the tabular array, a successful GI for biodiversity should include appropriate fiscal support, specific marks, multiple-function and good public engagement. In investing portion, official organisations normally will response the finicky support. On regional or national degree, the planetary organisation and authorities will usually be one of the investors. And on local degree, relevant stakeholders or landholders may take portion in the procedure of raising capital. A goo d GI program should hold specific marks. Planner should place the aims which are precisely necessitating by local people. At same clip, deviser can non see GI options for biodiversity without relevant facets. Human, environment and wildlife can non be separated during be aftering procedure, because each militant of one facet will act upon the others. GI does non merely value on ecological resources, but besides value on economic and societal issues. During planning and execution procedure, contriver should ask for relevant stakeholders to take part in the undertaking. Roll uping their sentiments and accepting their aid may assist determination marker to make better pick.In add-on to, contriver should lodge to pull off the GI after its building. The wild flower undertaking is managed by church people to protecting high quality landscapes and property exhibition for pupils and visitants. The Florida bureau holds a Florida Wildlife Corridor Expedition to pull public people acquiring involved in the undertaking. And Fly Wildspace research the new attack by cooperation with landholders and other organisations to advance the state park. As a rustling, people need happen a manner to maintain the GI undertaking working. Possibly, contriver should do alteration or new program for current GI to accommodate development.In local degree, GI program may usually concentrate on protect particular home ground which should make short term benefits. On regional degree, GI program may cover on how to heightening the ecosystem services or linkages with environing countries. Under divers(prenominal) policy context, GI can exercise its best consequence on biodiversity.DecisionIn general, Green Infrastructure can lend to bring forth high quality landscapes for wildlife can keep and better the wellness of the natural environment to set up a valuable ecosystem can increase ecological connectivity for home ground. A successful GI undertaking for biodiversity should include appropri ate fiscal support, specific marks, multiple-function and good public engagement. And on different be aftering degree, GI undertaking should hold different focal point. In order to making more effectual GI undertaking, contriver may concentrate on bettering public investing, quality of design and monitoring procedure.MentionNaumann, Sandra, McKenna Davis, Timo Kaphengst, Mav Pieterse and Matt Rayment,2011, Design, execution and cost elements of Green Infrastructure undertakings Final studyEly Wildspace, 2014, Background of Ely Country Park, on hand(predicate) fromhypertext transfer communications protocol //www.elywildspace.org.uk/Background.htm Accessed 23th March 2014 .Eastcamb, 2014, Ely Country Park, useable fromhypertext transfer protocol //visitely.eastcambs.gov.uk/attractions/ely-country-park Accessed 23th March 2014 .Floridawildlifecorridor, 2014, ABOUT THE FLORIDA WILDLIFE CORRIDOR INITIATIVE, operable from hypertext transfer protocol //www.floridawildlifecorridor.org /about/ Accessed 23th March 2014 .European Commission, 2014, Green substructure, Available fromhypertext transfer protocol //biodiversity.europa.eu/topics/green-infrastructure Accessed 23th March 2014 .European Commission, 2013, THE GUIDE TO MULTI-BENEFIT COHESION POLICY INVESTMENTS IN NATURE AND GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE, Available fromhypertext transfer protocol //ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docgener/studies/pdf/guide_multi_benefit_nature.pdf Accessed 23th March 2014 .Institute for European Environmental Policy, 2011, GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE IMPLEMENTATION AND EFFICIE, Available fromhypertext transfer protocol //www.ieep.eu/assets/898/Green_Infrastructure_Implementation_and_Efficiency.pdf Accessed 23th March 2014 .Natural England, 2014, Green Infrastructure Guidance, Available from hypertext transfer protocol //publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/35033 Accessed 23th March 2014 .Forest Research, 2010, Benefits of green substructureBay Soundings, 2004, THE SOUT HWEST FLORIDA COASTAL CONSERVATION CORRIDOR Plan Making a Wildlife Corridor, Available fromhypertext transfer protocol //baysoundings.com/legacy-archives/wint04/corridor.html Accessed 23th March 2014 .Nature connected, 2014, The Old Rough Wildflower undertaking, Available from hypertext transfer protocol //www.natureconnected.org/the-old-rough-wildflower-project/ Accessed 23th March 2014 .

Helping Bereaved Children Understand, Grieve and Deal with Death

Childrens varying personalities and attitudes determine their respective cognitive or psychological understanding of finish, expression of grief, and coping mechanism. For the purpose of ascertaining these three stages that bereaved children undergo, this musical theme identified and discussed the different perceptions of children about much(prenominal)(prenominal) loss, their manifestations of ruefulness and how pargonnts, teachers and counselors keister help. The specific situational examples and experiences of bereaved children were presented in order to have a cle arer and acceptable picture of how such tragic event affects the lives of helpless yet unpretentious children.Helping Bereaved Children Understand, Grieve and Deal with Death Accepting the remnant of a loved one is severe yet telling, explaining and making a child understand the loss is a more(prenominal) challenging t bring. Just as the adults or parents of the children are dealing with their aver grief, it is perceived that the younger ones should be spared from the same agony. This is for the reason that children, with their fragile minds and emotions, find it more difficult to header with remnant. However, not allowing a child to understand, grieve and cope with the trauma of death is risky.Children should be supported and not be left alone when they deal with death. It is during their search for answers about a lost life that children intimately contract the help of others. It is withal during this time that they should be allowed to express their emotions and be reassured by the family that death is a natural aspect of life. Children will be inevitably affected by a death of a family member, friend, or someone within the community. Childrens tender age, psychological understanding, horny expressions, and coping mechanisms loafer be protected by love from people around them.Children, generally, have the distinct trait of holding back their true timberings, while some of them are more open to express their emotions. However, adults must take note that irrespective of this positive or negative whole step, children who suffer even more profoundly in like manner need to understand and cope with death. Childrens Cognitive Understanding of Death Death is a very hard experience for the younger ones to accept or realize. According to Doka (2000), children meshing with a mixture of thoughts such as inevitability, universality, nonfunctionality, and irreversibility of death. Following the death, children would still be dealing with apprehending what their immature minds can only think and handle. They pass through the stages of cognitive, spiritual, emotional and social development (Doka, 2000). Doka (2000) explained that younger children are inclined to perceive death based on their own limited view. Thereafter, growing children tend to show sympathy. It is also during this stage that they are more capable of accepting and understanding the situation and coll ect themselves. However, Doka (2000) noted that younger children manifest a short feeling span. This is because they can prolong their intense emotions only for a limited period (Doka, 2000). Fighting with death is not only confined to children who are in dangerous caboodle or to those who are psychologically or emotionally unstable. Nowadays, it is a proven fact that majority of children have directly or indirectly experienced death or death-related events even at their early lives. An article from the Encyclopedia of Death and Dying said that curiosity regarding death is a portion of childrens average pointedness of development and search for information about the world.The same article specified an example about a dead fish floating in the water. This scenario can grab a childs interest but at the same time can be a troubling experience. If analyzed, the childs inquisitive instinct automatically desires to contemplate more. However, the same child is likewise conscious of the attainable danger of the situation. That is, if a living animal can die then other living things such as humans can also die. Childrens exposure to death is usually not only attached with some degree of anxiousness but also of elation.This is because of the idea that the discovery of something sensitive such as death has demonstrablely led them to lifes many mysteries (Children and Adolescents Understanding of Death, 2007). The same article proved that there are a lot of affirmed studies of death consciousness among children. The article used cases involving a father and son as an example to show that even with a child as young as sixteen-month-old can be aware about the concept of death. The childs awareness about death came as soon as he saw that the caterpillar, which he has been admiring, was crushed by a passerby.The toddler anxiously reacted about the death and eventually refused to return to the place. After less than cardinal years of being born unto this world, the same child can already and clearly connect life with death (Children and Adolescents Understanding of Death, 2007). With an early introduction to education, preschool children are inclined to view death as just short-lived and correctable. Crenshaw (1999) said that children believe that their deceased loved ones are just somewhere and it is still possible to see or speak with them.Confusion sets in among preschool children especially regarding the details of death. This is because of the childrens innate nature of thinking about things in an exact or factual manner. Crenshaw (1999) added that children ask questions such as can a dead person still breathe even if buried in a coffin and how can a dead old man who is buried be with God in a place like heaven at the same time. These queries manifest the preschoolers difficultness in relating intangible philosophical and religious ideas into their very limited realization of death (Crenshaw, 1999).Younger grade-school children between the ag e of six and eight usually perceive death in a personalized and imputable manner that oftentimes connotes fear (Crenshaw, 1999). Their fear is reflected in the things they imagine or invent, such as when they imagine that a dreadful ghost in a skeleton costume is following them. Childrens fear of death causes them to protect themselves. They use a defense mechanism that death is limited and only happens to physically weak people, the elderly, lame people, and people who are slow in running and are unable to escape the ghost or spirit that hunts them (Crenshaw, 1999).During this stage, children dream a lot of such frightening depictions of death. As they get older by the year, they reach a significant mark in their psychological growth that allows them to realize and accept that death is a true happening of life (Crenshaw, 1999). At age nine, they start to acknowledge death as a normal activity that happens to all living things and that it is permanent and unavoidable (Crenshaw, 1999 ). Crenshaw (1999) noted that this is the start of such realization of death but it is until children reach their adolescence that they are able to strengthen this understanding.The National Association of School Psychologists or NASP (2001) affirmed the Crenshaw report and stated that children pass through developmental stages in understanding death. It is initially significant to acknowledge that every child has his or her distinct understanding of death. This cognitive ability is based on a childs developmental degree, psychological ability, quality or attribute, spiritual inclination, acquired instruction from parents and others around, information from the media, and death-related events in the past.The association, however, said that there are general circumstances that can be used to understand how children feel and cope with death. These considerations are seen during the stages from being infants and toddlers, preschoolers, early elementary school, middle school and high sc hool (NASP, 2001, p. 2). NASP (2001) further explained that when someone is dead, infants and toddlers observe that adults are in sorrow yet they do not actually understand what death is and its impact and importance for them.Young children in preschool manifest denial of death by perceiving it only as a temporary breakup and a reversible situation. Nevertheless, children between five to nine years old begin to understand that death is permanent. They also cope that some events may lead to death (NASP, 2001). Preschoolers and even early grade-schoolers connect the causes of death with some supernatural imaginations and real life events such as the folk 11 bombing of the World Trade Center (NASP, 2001).Because of the 9/11 tragedy, they are able to grasp the idea that if an airplane hits a mental synthesis, its passengers and those in the building will possibly die. Thus, these children envision that being in tall facilities is fatally dangerous. It is during this stage, however, t hat children are unable to draw the difference between what they visually see and the actual happenings around them (NASP, 2001). Moreover, they view that death occurs to others, not to themselves or even their immediate family members (NASP, 2001).

How World War One presented in poetry by Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon Essay

A comparison of the ways in which human be War One is symbolizeed by Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon in their poetry with close reference to Dulce et Decorum est and Anthem for ill-starred Youth by Owen and The usual and Base Details by Sassoon.* * *The graduation initiation War mugginsed a significant turning point in poetic tradition and history by the revolutionary styles and ideas expressed by the poets. Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon argon probably two of the most well known war poets and their poetry was instrumental in this change. Prior to 1914, very(prenominal) much poetry was written round wars much(prenominal) as the Crimean War in 1854-56 (The Charge of The Light Brigade by Tennyson who says, Honour the Light Brigade, Noble six hundred.) but the great majority of the poets had non experienced war first-hand. Thus, they reinforced the poetic tradition of glorifying war and death. Both Siegfried Sassoon and Wilfred Owen, who both fought through most of the First World War, drop their poetry in the hope that they can give a more realistic impression of war than the pre-twentieth century poetry.Both Owen and Sassoon present World War One as un high-minded, in direct contrast to pre-twentieth war poetry much(prenominal) as The Destruction of Sennacherib by Byron. At the very beginning of Dulce et Decorum est Owen describes the soldiers as stage set double, like old beggars under sacks. That image is the complete opposite of what we would consider to be a heroic and romantic figure, an attribute that was always given to soldiers in pre-twentieth century poetry. Owen goes on to describe the soldiers as knock-kneed and cough out like hags. Neither of these images can be associated with the glorified, smartly dressed soldier that would be dogged in almost all of the minds of women and children back home. The comparison of the soldiers to hags is not a pleasant one as hags be often scruffy and dirty. The mention of the coughing port rays the many illnesses that soldiers suffered from in the trenches.Although both of them present war as unheroic, they do so in very different ways. The style of Owens poetry which is much longer and contains more description than that of Sassoons, allows him to expand on the simple description of the horrors of war that he experienced. In Dulce et Decorum est, he describes in graphic and dire detail the death of a man who was not able to fit his helmet in time during a gas polish up. He put ons words much(prenominal) as floundring guttering, choking, drowning. The word floundring gives the impression of the helplessness of the man.The onomatopoeic effect of these words gives an image that adds relaism to the horror of war. This makes it more realistic and moreover, more dispirit to read. Owen goes on, in the final stanza of this poem to describe the dead man in greater detail. His varied use of language allows him to create shocking imagery which means that the ratifier can visualise the man. Owen uses phrases such aswatch the white eyes writhing in his faceandthe riptide/Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungsThe first of these phrases is particularly chilling as it makes the reader think of snakes writhing in his face. This gives the impression of a crazed person, driven insane by what he has seen and what he had suffered before dying. The initial rhyme of the w is also effective as it emphasises the phrase. Owen wants to present the reality of the First World War and in slowing the reader down, he makes them think about what he is actually describing and change the way in which it was brushed over before World War One.The second phrase is also shocking and the use of the onomatopoeic word gargling makes it all the more visual and makes the reader feel more chilling. This image of a man choking on his own blood because of gas is very unheroic and it is this that Owen wants to portray the unheroic nature of war however brave the soldiers may be. This is in comparison to many pre-twentieth century war poems where they emphasise the heroic nature of war such as in a speech in Henry V where Henry says that the man who lasts the battle will rally with advantages what feats he did that daylight, emphasising the heroic nature of war.Owens second poem, Anthem for Doomed Youth also presents World War One as unheroic and unromantic. The very first line of his poem epitomises Owens feeling about the young men sent off to war.What passing bells for those who die as cattle?The use of the word cattle immediately robs all glory from the idea of war as a whole. The simile compares how cattle are slaughtered for meat to soldiers dying for their country. This is a very unheroic comparison and is effective in what it is trying to portray.On the other hand, in the two poems by Sassoon that I have chosen to discuss, Sassoon does not present World War One as unheroic. His poems, which are short and concise, deal more with the unfairness of war and protest against the generals and commanding officers. However, in The General, Sassoon briefly presents the soldiers in an unheroic way, telling us that Harry and Jack slogged up to Arras, instead of the quick, efficient marching of the soldiers that had been frequently portrayed prior to the First World War such as is described in The Charge Of The Light Brigade where Tennyson conveys the riders riding quckly by the phrase, Half a unite, half a league, half a league onward. The rhythm of these lines show the quick pace of the soldiers.Sassoons poetry presents the unfairness and inequality between the front-line privates and the generals who sat in comfort behind lines. Sassoon attacks the substantiation of the country and the tone of his two poems is very sardonic, making fun of the generals in quite a light-hearted way but with a pointed message to his poetry. In The General Sassoon presents The General as ill-chosen and responsible for the deaths many men. straight the soldiers he smiled at are most of em dead,And were cursing his staff for incompetent swine.The very last line of the poems refers to Harry and Jack who are named in the poem. This makes the generals attitude and incompetence more poignant and personal to the reader. and he did for them both by his plan of attack.This short last line is to the point and cuts right to the quick. Sassoon does not play with words like Owen but presents World War One is his poetry in the most succinct way. The majority of his poems are no longer than three short stanzas whereas Owens can be eight verses long. However, Sassoons message is just as worthy as Owens is.Base Details is probably Sassoons best poem for struggle the generals as using harsh humour it describes them sitting in luxury hotels while men are starving on the front-line with rationed food. He presents the generals of the First World War as scarlet and fat. Although the poem is short, he describes the generals so effectively that we have an image of the generals in our head which does not conform to what we readiness expect, or certainly not what was generally thought of generals before the war. The title of the poem can be read on different levels the first being the simple meaning of the word as in headquarters, or on another level, the meanings of in short or unworthy. This emphasises their unworthiness of the elevated positions that they hold. Sassoons first line seems to sum up all that he is trying to sayIf I were fierce, and bald, and short of breath,This one line immediately gives us a humorous image of a general which is almost like those we see in cartoons today of blustering, half drunk generals sitting in offices wheezing with a pipe in hand. In Base Details Sassoon continues his theme of their unworthiness by describing the generals table manners which according to him, are disgusting. He presents them as guzzle and gulping. These onomatopoeic words give the effect of pigs eating at a trough, es pecially guzzling. It also conveys them stuffing their faces when the soldiers on the front-line are risking their lives day after day with little to eat. We associate these words with animal behaviour and this is indeed what Sassoon is trying to present.He also presents the generals as nave and frivolous, spending the war in the best hotels and when their presence was required after a battle they brushed off the importance of war calling it a scrap. Sassoons bitterness is also displayed when the general says I used to know his father well. This emphasises his bitterness effectively towards the upper classes and old boy network, angry that whether you survive the war depends on class and connections. This bitterness is integral to many of his poems and is also evident, in a less direct way, in The General.Both Owen and Sassoon present the disadvantage of young person in their poems. In Dulce et Decorum est, Owen is bitter towards those who tell children a word which emphasises th eir juvenility the old Lie Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori or in English, It is sweet and honourable to die for ones country. The use of the Latin here emphasises the traditional nature of war and the patriotism that the Latin evokes in men.The idea of the loss of youth is more evident in Owens second poem, Anthem For Doomed Youth, where the very title shows all that Owen thinks about send boys off to war. He himself was only twenty-two when he joined the army and thus would have known about how terrible it was. The words of the title, Anthem For Doomed Youth has the theme of a funeral and says how not only youth itself is doomed but youth as an idea. Owen also mentions, in the second stanza, the words boys and girls which stresses erstwhile again the youth of the soldiers and perhaps of their nurses or their girlfriends.Only Base Details mentions the loss of youth in Sassoons poems saying near the end that youth is stone dead. Taken out of the context of the poem, this phra se is disturbing the loss of a whole generation of men and also the loss of whiteness of those who survived. In context, the phrase becomes even more disturbing, that more of the fat, drunk generals of sixty, have survived the war, while boys of seventeen have died. The whole line readsAnd when the war is done and youth stone deadThe casual nature of this line is shocking and represents how Sassoon pictures the generals view of the loss of millions of boys. A whole generation has been lost or affected so badly by the war and the majors would toddle safely home to bed where they could die. The word toddle is very visual and humourously conveys the generals waddling back to England as they are so fat. It also shows their child-like nature and their frivolity. The bitterness that Sassoon feels is clearly evident in this poem. In contrast, The General mentions nothing of the idea of youth but concentrates more on the inept nature of The General. These poems are very different to the n ature of those by Rupert Brooke, a young soldier who was killed at the beginning of the war and had experienced little fighting. The first stanza of his poem Peace he describes how wonderful it is that he is alive at this time and he can fight for his countryNow God be thanked Who has matched us with his hourHe also describes going to war as swimmers into cleanness leaping, very different to the dirty and horrific conditions that Owen describes.Owen and Sassoon differ very greatly in the structure of their poems Owen tends to write longer, more detailed poetry whereas Sassoon writes short and succinct poems. Anthem for Doomed Youth is a praise which is traditional style of poetry but the themes that Owen deals with are very modern, contrasting with the style that he has chosen to use. However, the rhyme scheme of a sonnet does not always remain true to its traditional form such as in the last stanza of Anthem for Doomed Youth where it is e.f.f.e.g.g. The rhyme scheme of Sassoons p oetry is very simple and direct, which reflects the nature of his poems. He generally uses alternate rhyme, except the last lines where he uses a rhyming couplet such as in Base Details dead and bed. In The General the last three lines have the same rhyme Jack, pack and attack. The rhyming couplet gives emphasis to the end of the poem.Sassoons poetry is short, pithy and succinct, conveying one or several points in maybe two or three short stanzas such as The General, which is only seven lines long compared to Owens poetry which is usually longer. The style of Sassoon is more colloquial, using soldiers slang such as Hes a cheery old card, grunted Harry to Jack. and tends to be more vitriolic such as And speed glum heroes up the line to death. Conversely, Owen uses descriptive and elaborate words that convey the atmosphere and images that the poems evoke, such as his unforgettable and shocking description of the dead man in the trine stanza of Dulce et Decorum est.Wilfred Owen and S iegfried Sassoon present different aspects of World War One Owen, the conditions and horrific deaths of the ordinary soldiers in contrast to Sassoons pointed and bitter attack against the majors. They do this in very different ways and despite Sassoons influence on Owen, their styles are extremely contrasting but no less effective. Their poetry helped mark a radical change in the way war poetry was written and it is their presentation of their themes that effected this shift.

Motivational Theories and Factors Essay

Stress and conflict in the workplace can cause major emotional and physical damage to the facility and workers. In the past, on that point have been reports of tragedies caused by disgruntled workers who may have clocked in with a gun in hand. We are going to look into three motivational theories including the human relationship of stress and conflict in relation to individual motivations. Many factors can be active employees while at work. Some of the motivating factors could include the structure of the lives of the employees out front they became employed. Personality is a big factor in employee performance and motivation.Someone that is an introvert may not have the same mind set as an extrovert. This will definitely dictate how that employee behaves and responds to directives at work. Turmoil has happened in recent years in workplace settings. Let us take a scalelike look at a tragic workplace incident. Omar Thornton was a thirty-four year old black delivery driver in Manc hester Connecticut. On windrous 4, 2010, he signed his resignation papers in front of witnesses after he saw video footage of him stealing beer from his attach to. Before leaving the room he reportedly pulled a gun and started randomly shooting workers he came across.In the end, he killed eight, leaving two wounded before he killed himself. Thorntons relatives and girlfriend said he had been harassed in a racial manner. This story is not the only one we have seen in the news. It proves that motivation can be a source of good behavior or nix. In Thorntons case he was motivated by what he thought to be racially aimed mistreatment from his white co workers. This caused him to become stressed and it reached a deadly point of conflict, a him against them scenario. In the real world, no employee should allow their job stress to motivate them to take lives or destroy property.Stress can lead to serious consequences, whether it becomes a health issue or affects performance in a negativ e way. If employees are in constant conflict over management issues, pay working conditions or other concerns, this can lead to low moral among the employee congregation. It wont matter if all employees are involved in the struggle, dissatisfaction can spread like sand into each individuals boundaries. It will be the main topic around the water cooler each day. The job for management is to keep employees motivated in the right direction for the good of the company and its productivity.Management can help mitigate the incidents of job dissatisfaction by following these steps. Positive reinforcement should invariably follow an employees job well done. When problems or disagreements spring the discipline should fit the crime. All persons who live up to their expected performance should be treated in a fair respectful manner. Goals should always be well pronounced so that no employee will say they didnt know what was expected of them. Some jobs may need to be restructured to generat e advance productivity.All employees who perform in an acceptable capacity should be rewarded fro their compliance. Increased pay or a truck load of benefits may not always be at the top of the list when it comes to employee motivation. People want to feel needed and appreciated on the job. They want to know that their work is worth something. So, to decrease the incidents of stress, unfairness which can lead to conflict and disgruntled or dissatisfied employees, companies need to place value on employees who are doing what they are asked.When conflicts arise, there should be a procedure in place to allow every voice to be heard. When I am involved in stressful work situations, I bring it to the attention of my department manager. I do not attack an individual, I attack the cause of the problem. I follow the companys guidelines for resolution, it has always worked for me. Since I started this class, I have learned that positive external motivation can also decrease or prevent stres s in the workplace. So there should be a plan already in place to head off negative incidents.

Hamlet, The Metamorphosis, and Frankenstein Essay

Familial relations atomic number 18 often strained in the world of literature, especially between fathers and watchwords. However, these strains grow when traditional notions of fatherhood are altered or circumvented so Hamlet has a difficult time dealing with an uncle-turn-father, and Gregor Samsas father is unable to truly be a boot to a gigantic cockroach. Even Victor Frankenstein is unsure how to treat his creationas a son to care for and provide for, or as an come out of control science experiment gone awry.Each of these texts shows traditional notions of father and son relationships breaking under the strain of unconventional fatherhood. Hamlet, perhaps, provides the most telling illustration of these strains of conventionHamlets primary difficulty is his inability to be a good son to both of his fathers. To be a good son to King Hamlet means avenging his alleged murder by murdering Claudius to be a good son to Claudius means ignoring the pleadings of his ghostly father.Pr ince Hamlet sees his role as son to Claudius as essentially void, due to the marriage of Claudius and Gertude being (at best) damned incest and, at worst, a politically-contrived accessory to the murder of the king. This is what fuels Hamlets odd foe musical composition with Gertrudehe sees his plan to murder Claudius as a way of returning the family to the way it was. Of course, Hamlet fails to freshen up what is rotten in the state of Denmarkhe merely added to the decay via the pile of bodies at the end of the play.Of these three tales, it is a morbid irony that the father/son relationship between a man and a giant cockroach of a son may, in fact, be the most conventional one. This relationship is highlighted by a kind of brutal advantageGregor is useful to his father for as long as he is able to provide for his father. In this sense, the most profound change in the story in the eyes of the eldest Samsa is not his son into an insect, but his son changing from a provider to one w ho needs to be provided for. This sparks anger, outrage, and ultimately, abandonment.This brutal utility is highlighted by the end of the story, in which the family hopes to find a young man for Greta, essentially scheming to replace one provider with another. Gregor, in turn, beliefs his death is the best affair for the family while dying, he remembered his family with deep feelings of love. Victor Frankensteins relationship with his creation is a mockery of traditional father/son relationships, just as Frankensteins actions are a mockery of Gods abilities. Victor wants his son to be a walking, talking example of his throw genius.However, this focus on his own achievements means that he is unable to provide for his sonas he says, his focus is on treading in the steps already marked, I will lead up a new way, explore unknown powers, and unfold to the world the deepest mysteries of creation. His son, unable to experience the love of a woman or a father, is left to feel like he i s miserable and the decrepit and an abortion, to be spurned at, and kicked, and trampled on. The phrasing is very apt the monster feels like he is merely the discarded and abandoned tissue that his father never wished to claim as a son.Three disparate talesHamlet, The Metamorphosis, and Frankensteinprevent father and son relationship that are outside the leaping of normality. In this sense, the tales are normative, as they illustrate what a normal father/son relationship is by clearly exhibiting what one is not. Audiences are left to speculate whether they will treat family members differently when their family changes whether shifting relationships means they, themselves, must change and whether children from alternative circumstances are somehow worth any less of a parents love.

For those not familiar with this storyline Essay

For those not familiar with this storyline, Romeo + Juliet is just your average boy-meets-girl, boy-and-girl-fall-hopelessly-in-love, boy-kills-girls-cousin, girl-feigns-death, boy-and-girl-commit-suicide plot. Not one to watch with a box of chocolates and a boyfriend bonfire, but a box of tissues may well be needed. Director Baz Lehrmann chooses to set this epic in Mexico, a perfect modern backdrop for the violent gangland gloss Shakespeares script conveys in a modern context.The two families-the Capulets and the Montegues- are beautifully contrasted the lighthearted Montegues in open Hawaiian shirts, against the tight black clothed Capulet boys sporting many gold accessories. These two groups of arch nemeses are, however, united by their mutual habit of openly wearing guns with such flair and style they could advantageously pass as a fashion accessory, rather than an accessory to murder. In the prologue the role traditionally played by the chorus is adopted by a real life U. S a nchorwoman.The prologue is so turned into a news bulletin. You are literally drawn in to the film as the shot late zooms in on the television showing the newsreader, before the shot hurtles down a metropolitan street, dragging the audience, with trailing stomachs, behind it. Lehrmann captivates his audience from the outset with a visually stunning repeat of his prologue, utilising imagery from the whole film and conveying the entire storyline in under a minute. Contrary to what you may think, this in fact draws the viewer into the film.The imagery used in the prologue directly links to and supports the words in the scripted opening, and translates them into the modern context. Two houses, both alike in dignity is represented by two giant skyscrapers either side of a road, one bearing a huge sign saying Capulet, the early(a) Montague. As Romeo, Dicaprio shows the full depth of his acting ability. From lovelorn-Did my heart love til now? to murderous Either thou or I or both essen tial go with him and back down again through all the levels of shock, anxiety, and of course suicidal.Clare Danes gives a beautiful portrayal of young innocent Juliet. Her facial expressions are convert and manage to wordlessly express every feeling perfectly. Her lines are also delivered with huge compassion and emotion. Danes along with Dicaprio shows a huge variety in her performance, guardianship a wide audience interested in a script labelled by many as boring. This is not the first clock time modern directors have messed around with the star crossd lovers. Most notably Bernsteins all singing all dancing West berth Story, but also China Girls and-more loosely- Romeo Must Die.However, this is the first modern adaptation to stick with Shakespeares script. Lehrmann has obviously had to make cuts in the text for the sake of the duration of the film, but the dialogue he leaves in is fantastically effective. This spunked up version a timeless classic engrosses a viewer of any age from the outset, and keeps its batch almost complete through to hugely moving finale. Even staunch traditionalists must see that dragging this dusty play kicking and screaming in to a twentieth century riddled with guns, drugs, and rock n roll has revived it in a way no amount of Lawrence Olivier ever could.

Aztecs Incas and Spanish Empires

During the creation of the Spanish empire, very many native familys were destroyed. They destroyed the people alongside their culture and in the case of the Incas and the Aztecs tested to eliminate every trace of these people because they were pagans.The first attraction they had to these peoples lives were the trea certain that they possessed. The Spaniards lusted after these treasures and this led them to conquer various groups of people so that they may testify what they had. All these people were civilized when the Spaniards met them but were non -Christians. The Spaniards greed and their devotion to Christianity let the led them to wipe out any trace of those civilizations and especially that of the Incas who were completely annihilated but some Aztecs are still around the maintain their culture.The Aztec civilization started off as far back as the 12th and 13th deoxycytidine monophosphate AD. They migrated to the valley of Mexico around this time under the leadership of th eir chief named Tenoch. Their god was Huitzilopochtli and he was the one who instructed the chief to lead to Aztec people to the valley of Mexico. They were to go Lake Texcoco and experience an island that was to be found there.They were to build a city there and name it Tenochtitlan also as to hour their and they did this. This city later became their capital city at a time they formed an empire. The valley of Mexico therefore became the centre of their civilization since the capital city was based there.Once they established the city, they were supposed to provide gifts to their god in form of sympathetic sacrifices. By the time they arrived in the swampy areas, they were destitute who were hired, poor and with no wealth or means to survival.To make matters worse, they inhabited a swamp in a lake that was seen by others to be a waste that would not produce anything. Due to the hardships that they faced, they were forced to use all means to get nutrition for themselves. This mea nt they hold back food from their neighbours used snakes and vermin for their meals and this did not in any way endear them to their neighbors.This intense dislike by their neighbours was compounded by their practice of offering human sacrifices to their god Huitzilopochtli. They were therefore segregated and no one wanted to be associated with them. With so many odds against them and with no help, they had to come up with a way of improving their lives.They built mud and batch houses in the swamp supported by strong poles. They then transformed the uninhabitable land into a fertile productive land that provided them with more than enough through their mode of agriculture called chinampas. The city of Tenochtitlan grew and by using skilled craftsmen and common laborers, it expanded more.There was make to gain respect from the neighbours and therefore in 1376, Acamapichli was made emperor because he was related to the last rulers of Culhuacan and also the Quetzalcoatl who was a large(p) Toltec ruler. In the 15th century, the tribe grew into a strong and disciplined military force and they formed the Triple Alliance with Texcoco and the Tacuba.They conquered around 38 provinces which paid taxes to Tenochtitlan by the time the empire finish in 1520. The Spaniards were able to conquer them easily because some of the boarder provinces well-kept their independence.Montezuma who was the ruler, than thought that Cortez the Spanish captain was a god returning. He therefore offered roaring presents which ignited Cortezs lust for wealth. The Aztecan priests tried to worn Montezuma but he did not heed their warning. The Spaniards conquered the Aztecs and wiped out traces of their existence and civilization because they were Catholics. However, some survived and have maintained their culture up to date.In 1527, Bartolome Ruiz on board his ship met a raft filled with expensive ornaments and textiles and realized need to establish contact with those who owned the trea sure. He left 3 men to become translators. Francisco Pizarro was the leader of the group. He and his men spent the winter in an uninhabited island and many died before spring. From here they met healer Inca city Tumbes where they found out that, these people were very wealthy and highly civilized. Francisco then managed to convince the royal court in 15 months, the need to conquer the Incas and his idea was supported by Cortez, the conquer of the Aztecs.Francisco and his men left Spain in January 1530 and marched his men along the Ecuador coast which was full of hardships and tightened their journey. While in the northern farewell of Peru, they established san Miguel which is near Piura. In September 1532, they attacked the Inca and were lucky to have some events precipitate their attack.Although their number was little, they found divisions caused by civil war by factions aligning themselves to either of two sons of the dead ruler. Atahualpa who ruled the northern half of empire won but the Cuzco the capital city supported the other brother. Since the Spaniards entered Inca from the north, they first met Atahualpa in his territory.Atahualpa was attracted by the Spaniards horses and did not consider them to be any threat. He was invited by Pizarro to pay him a take care where he was based in Cajamarca. Atahualpa went on this visit with the intention of capturing the Spaniards but Pizarro had the same intention concerning him. It is in this place that the Indians were massacred.Pizarros priest met them and explained the Christian doctrines to Atahualpa who did not heed them and instead threw the priests prayer book on to the ground. The priest was infuriated and it was on this pretext that the Spaniards attacked the Indians. They made it seem as if this was the reason but it had been an ambush that was clearly planned.On this day, thousands of Indians died yet none of the Spaniards was hurt isolated from a cut on Pizarros hand. He intended to use Atahualpa to rule the Incas just as Cortes had done with the Aztecs so he made sure he did not die. He instead held him prisoner and this led to the Incas proposal to pay ransom for his release.They offered to give a room full pf gold and this was to take them two months to do. This was to the advantage of Pizarro because he could now get additional military man from Spain. In March 1533, the artifacts from the temples started being melted down and this took around three months.During this time, Diego de Almago arrived with troops in April the Spaniards did not release Atahualpa and instead charged him with treason in July the same year and was sentenced to die by being burned alive. Before his death, they managed to transfer him to a Christian and his sentence was reduced to die by garrote.Through the destruction of artifacts and the killing of the rulers, the Spaniards ensured that the Incas of Peru were completely forgotten by the rest of society. They had nothing to show for the great civilization that they had been. Their empire was destroyed completely and up to date there is little to show for their existence.Reference1. History of the Incas a Glimpse of Inca Treasure AD 1527-1532 twenty-fourth September 2007

Nonverbal Communication Codes Essay

1. What nonverbal pass ons argon universe move in this word-painting? wherefore are you gestateing at me? Is the nonverbal heart that I would take from the woman with the bad tan.2. What event of nonverbal intercourse codes are being apply to deliver the messages?I believe the nonverbal message in this see is Affect Displays. A woman with an obvious bad tan seems as though she has a negative reaction to the gentleman thats doing a double take, looking at her. Her seventh cranial nerve expression has a look of irritation from the staring3. What event does each message have on the other large number in the image?It is hard to determine the effect on the other people that is in the image however, I suppose the people that are around them that saw the interaction shouldve matte the awkwardness as well. It would be obvious that the signal would be not to get involved and to look away.4. What nonverbal conversation skills and strategies could be utilize to communicate eff ectively in this situation?Smiling or showing a friendly face and eye liaison should have been made to reduce the olfaction of inadequacy or awkwardness.1. What ethnic barriers are seen in this image?I believe the gentleman is center on the group of woman because he is trying to figure out their dress and culture because it is una homogeneous than his.2. What type of nonverbal communication codes are being apply to deliver the messages?I feel like the type of nonverbal communication codes that is being used is Affect Displays and Regulators. The gentlemans posture is used to communicate his emotion and his posture asked the question, what are you are doing, and why you dressed that way? This is an example of the postulate Displays because his posture is showing emotions. The other code that is then displayed is the regulator because he is giving eye contact to the group with a facial expression, and open mouth or raised eyebrow, trying to get the groups attention.3. What eff ect does each message have on the other people in the image?The effect that each person has in the image is of non- c feede. No one has notice the gentlemans non-verbal communication methods. Either no one sees it, or he is being ignored, based off of the individuals in the picture.4. What nonverbal communication skills and strategies could be used to communicate effectively in this situation?The nonverbal communication skills and strategies that can be used to communicate effectively in this situation were simply being a friendly face and smile to show no threat. Also, if the gentleman was really serious, he should have stop and face the group that he was trying to get their attention1. What nonverbal messages are being sent in this image?The nonverbal message in this image says that there are still places in Asia where smoking continues to be allowed in some public places and, smoking is a popular thing to do.2. What type of nonverbal communication codes are being used to deliver the messages?The nonverbal communication code that is used to deliver this message is the Adapters. Adapters are nonverbal behaviors that help you satisfy personal needs and adapt to the conterminous situation or surroundings.3. What effect does each message have on the other people in the image?The effect that being an adapter in this image has on other people in the image I believe is that smoking is addictive and if one person smokes a cigarette and you are a smoker thing you will want a cigarette as well.4. What nonverbal communication skills and strategies could be used to communicate effectively in this situation?I am not a smoker I would either leave the room or show displeasure from secondhand smoke.1. What heathenish barriers can be seen in this image?2. What nonverbal messages are being sent in this image?3. What type of nonverbal communication codes are being used to deliver the messages?4. What effect does each message have on the other people in the image?5. What nonv erbal communication skills and strategies could be used to communicate effectively in this situation?1. What cultural barriers can be seen in this image?The cultural barriers in this image can be defined as business people who are possibly on their way to work on being a know it annoyed by a woman on her cellular phone phone, not paying attention to where shes going.2. What nonverbal messages are being sent in this image?In this image, the people display a busy, business like image. The affect display can be displayed through their posture, and by putting little expression on their faces. It is approximately as if it is a hostile rush to get where theyre going.3. What type of nonverbal communication codes are being used to deliver the messages?The nonverbal communication codes that can be displayed from this image is the Affect Display.4. What effect does each message have on the other people in the image?It seems as though the people in this image are annoyed by the woman was ta lking on her cell phone and not paying attention to where shes going or having a very brazen-faced conversation.5. What nonverbal communication skills and strategies could be used to communicate effectively in this situation?Lady, please hang up the phone and watch where youre going.

Lloyd Newson and Intertextuality Essay

1986 dictum the formation of the physical theatre company known as DV8 Physical Theatre which since its inception until sit day has been led by Lloyd Newson (www. dv8. co. uk) . Based in the United Kingdom this company has produced a multitude of pitchs which have toured internationally and have received awards , they also add to their achieve ments four award-winning icons for television (www. dv8. co. uk) .In this essay I will discuss the intertextuality that can be seen in Dv8 original scene The at rest(predicate) Dreams of written language men conceived and directed by Lloyd Newson and how Newson approached the piece . Intertextuality can be defined as the hard interrelationship between a text and other texts taken as basic to the creation or interpretation of the text(Wall, 200797). Or the ways in which the comp onents of a performance text bewitch heart on the basis of their relationship with other texts(Jordan , 1992 257).I this case this will be the way in which t he piece makes reference to other material other than what the director and performers thoughts ar about Nilsen. utterly Dreams of written language Men is loosely based on Brian Masters book Killing for Company which is the yarn of Dennis Nilsen a serial killer who lured his victims (all young men ) back to his homes in Cricklewood and Muswell Hill and killed them by chopping their bodies into comminuted pieces and stuffing them down the drain (http//www. ailymail. co. uk). Newson wantd to challenge his audience by taking risks in his pieces not only physical risks scarce risks in his approach and within the piece itself draw form factual life -the sociological and psychological- for many dance companies it seem risk beneficial means nothing is risked in terms of content and approach ( Lloyd www. dv8. co. uk) .Newson stresses that as a company they only work on pieces that are motivated and driven by how the central idea affects them, they talk about their own personal exp eriences before they start to rehearse and set actual choreography, the process of coming up with the final piece is a collaborative process by sharing the process the final work become collaborative and the performers get credited accordingly (www. dv8. co. uk) . The film also draws into homosexuality, at the time homosexuality was still something that people didnt talk about widely it was all done behind closed doors .In Dead Dreams of black and white Men Newson explores the interwoven notions of loneliness, desire and trust (www. dv8. co. uk) . As mentioned earlier at the time of the film homosexuality was seen as somewhat taboo Newson draws on societies views and explores if what led Nilsen to his disturbing actions could have been the mere fact that there were already so many negative views push through on homosexuality he was lonely in need of company -killing for company- societal homophobia often results in tragic consequences (www. dv8. co. uk) .The film is in black and exsanguine this in itself could be seen as an intertext , a photographer by the name of Robert Mapplethorpe famous for his photo called piece of music in Polyester Suit all his pictures are in black and white most of his work could be described as homoerotic, so this can be seen as intertext from the start the films exploration of homosexuality . Dead Dreams of Monochrome Men starts mop up at a bar or club just alike(p) where Dennis would have picked his victim at this point of the film there is pop music (popular gay civilization ) playacting , the music used as an intertext , movement at this time is not to the music but influenced by the music .The body language of the performer is that of a hunter seeking its prey (victim) . thence as the piece progresses the music moves from pop to a more slower tonal sound . This is when the piece moves to a more intimate space into Denniss home-. Looking at the design and setting passim the piece we can see that there are many deep i ntertexts , the use of the sculptures being one , sculptures of nude men close as an objectification of men as if to say this is how men should look like .The costumes the white underwear not something you would have people where as their full costume on branch , and the dull colored shirts and pants worn by the other characters . There are a a couple of(prenominal) scenes don in the lavatory where we see visible(a) pipes relating to the drains where Denniss victims body parts were found , this could be an intertext to point out that the body parts in the drain were the reason that Dennis was caught so have the pipes visible in that way shows his one mistake that lead to his arrest.Also Newson uses the bathroom which is a secret place where some of the action takes place this also draws to the gay culture -secretive behind closed doors- . In the film most of the action is not actual dance its all realism its realistic chance(a) moves and gestures realist dance can be said to co mmunicate to audiences ,to attempt to reveal the truths of our world(Wall, 200791).In the bathroom scenes there is no dancing there is an exploration of weight and gestures no choreographed movement , the two men also exchange underwear this switching of something personal represents ntimacy (sexual acts) between them . The piece has a strong intertext to the womb in the bath the man lies in a fetal position there is also pissing and at some point he is immersed in it just like in the womb . The bathtub also being where Dennis drowned his victims or mutilated them . The picture of the man in fetal position in the water can be seen as both the beginning (fetus in womb) and the end (drowned by Dennis). divergence back to the spacial design we see that besides the visible pipes the roof is not closed off -no ceiling- you can see the planks , when the performer is up on the roof and moving along the planks in an almost sneaky way this draws to secrecy again it also brings some Notre dame themes of people in the rafters pussyfoot around , bringing us back to the secrecy . Some have argued that in Dead Dreams of Monochrome Men Lloyd Newson portrays homosexuality in a bad way -as dirty and promiscuous- , they say that with this single film he has undone all the hard work done by gay activist in the past to have homosexuality accepted by society.In conclusion Dead Dreams of Monochrome Men is a powerful film digging deep into the action of a serial killer , playing on the intertextual meanings that we as the audience leave with questions about sometimes as viewers we consciously live where the style and ways of using style come from and at other times the origin just provides an unconsciously sensed undercurrent (Bazerman, 20011). Dead Dreams of Monochrome Men also shows that physical theatre is exposed of taking on complex issues without simplifying the subject (www. dv8. co. uk).

The Buddhist Concepts of Rebirth and Release

Buddhism begins and ends with Buddhas enlightenment experience, for this the ultimate source of Buddhisticic teachings and there are a mean towards moral and spititual development culminating in a Buddha like experience. At his enlightenment, the Buddha gained direct knowledge of spiritual rebirth, karma, and the quaternity holy truths (Harvey, 1990, p. 32).In the first public teaching (kn possess as the turning of the wheel of dharma) Siddhartha Gautam, the historical Buddha is utter to live set out the fundamentals of Buddhist principle and practice and then proceeded to outline the four terrific truths- the kernels of Buddhist doctrine which are duhkha, trsna, promised land and the way to achieve nirvana. Birth, old age, sickness and expiry which adjudge duhkha (sadness) are unsatisfactory, and the arouse of this unsatisfatoriness gives rise to craving (trsna). End to this unsatisfactory state of mind can be achieved finished nirvana.The eight steps to the lane of nir vana involve the development of appropriate placement, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness and ultimately appropriate meditative concentration. This Buddhist doctrine constitutes the essence of the Buddhist world view and provides the basis and stage setting of alone subsequent Buddhist philosophical reflection (King, 1999, p. 76). After six years of meditation, Buddha attained unearthly enlightenment or nirvana. Budha preached for forty five years and died at the age of ninety years.Buddhist enlightenment is link up to the attainment of the five supernatural powers, but their attainment is not, the Buddha concluded, in itself-importance the realisation of enlightenment (Iizuka, 1995, p. 151). The action and rice beer of those who attain nirvana are completely detached from all images and sound. However, internally the mind is in a set apart of well-nigh intense activity. Since the person has reached the fullest stretch of his mental and spiritual cap acity, and at a level of highest transcendental consciousness, he is infinitely at peace with himself (Iizuka, 153).According to Buddha, duhkha happens e actuallywhere all the time because nothing is amend in this world. Every flavor has the kamma (force) from the persons previous lives, and world reborn operator that every maven evermore suffers from the force of their previous lives. This means no life is perfect and only when people support reached nirvana bequeath they be able to overcome duhkha. Duhkha fit in to Buddha is caused by selfishness and all our sufferings are caused by this selfishness. The ultimate goal of the people should be to break from this never ending cycle of rebirth.By stopping greed and selfishness, one can break out of the rebirth cycle, which brings perfect freedom in the form of nirvana (Penney, p. 14). The Buddhist believe that the ultimate goal of meditation is nirvana, expiration from samsara, liberation from the ever repeated cycle of death and rebirth conditioned by Karma, in which all deluded beings are caught up. The doctrine of rebirth formed an all-important(a) part of the world view which the Buddha inherited. Thus, the Buddha accepted that the goal of all spiritual striving was nirvana, drop from rebirth.Consequently, he interpreted his own experience of enlightenment as the attainment of that goal (Bucknell, and Fox, 1983). Rebirth in Buddhism is seen both as a process which takes place after death, and also as a process fetching place during life. This means, we are constantly changing during life, reborn as a different person according to our mood, the task we are involved in, or the people we are relating to. We may experience heavenly or hellish state of mind depending on how we act.According to Buddhist philosophy, it is reasonable to suppose that this process of change, determined by the nature of our actions, does not abruptly stop at death, but carries on (Harvey, p. 45). Our present form and share of life are part of an uninterrupted series of separate existences that streak back into the distance chivalric and will continue on into the interminable future. A constant and uninterrupted flow of beings living in the different stratified levels and passing on from one to another was the very essence of the world view called samsara.The schemes of things, rewards and punishments, gracious conditions in high or low states, all had their reasons for existence in this cosmic shuffle of inter-connected events and states. The conclusive evidence of Sakyamuni Buddhas supreme enlightenment confirmed and endorsed the essential elements of the processes of samsara and rebirth (Cheetham, 1994, p. 9). Rebirth is a casual link between one life and the next, and not a soul reincarnating. Only a casual connection links one life to another, so our karmic accumulation conditions our next life.Contemplating rebirth helps us accept our own death without falling into the two extremes of eternal ism or nihilism. The positive side of this rebirth image is focussing an individuals attention and energy to the present and make the most of ones life. This constructive aspect of Buddhism while makes one realise about the transient nature of life, give them reach for improving the same to be able to rise to a higher land (Halls, 2003, p. 54 ). The realm a being is born is determined by karma which is a beings intentional actions of body, speech and mind, whatever is done, said or even just thought with intention or purpose.Though, rebirth in the lower realms is considered to be the result of comparatively unwhole slightly or bad karma, rebirth in the higher realms is the result of relatively wholesome or good karma. Correspondingly, the lower the realm, the more unpleasant and unhappy is ones condition the higher the realm the more pleasant, happy, tranquil and refined ones condition is. This rebirth pecking order does not however constitute a simple ladder to climb and passin g out at the top into nirvana or release.Nirvana or release may be obtained from whatsoever of the realms, from the hu humans to the highest of the sharp abodes and the four formless realms but not from the four lowest realms. Yet, rather than attaining nirvana or release, human beings generally rise and fall finished the various realms which are precisely the nature of the samsara, i. e. wandering from life to life with no particular direction or purpose (Gethin, 1998, p. 119). The cycle of rebirth is thus seen as involving innumerable lives over vast stretches of time.If the cycle only involved human rebirths, it would contain been unmanageable for a Buddhist to explain the population explosion. However, the cycle is seen to involve m either other forms of life, such as animals so that readjustments between populations are made possible. This introduces the idea of different realms of rebirth. The first two of these realms are those of humans and animals kingdom. The last m entioned includes sentient creatures as simple as insects. Plants are not included, although they are seen as having a very rudimentary consciousness, in the form of sensitivity to the touch.There are also realms of beings that are not normally visible, such as the realms of petas or departed. As these are seen as having made of subtle matters, such a rebirth does not involve re-incarnation, that is getting a gross physical body again. In Buddhist film of life cycle and rebirth, petas are seen as frustrated ghostly beings that frequent human world collectable to their strong earthly attachments (Harvey, 1990, p. 33). The Buddhist although believe in rebirth, do not accept that there is any substantial entity of self (atman) being reborn in this process.There is simply the process itself. Buddhist philosophical texts feed to represent rebirth using analogies of dynamic and ever changing processes, such as the flowing of a river or the flickering flame of a candle. Thus to talk abo ut identity or the disparity between life in this Buddhist cycle of rebirth is inappropriate (King, 1999, p. 81). Nirvana is a difficult concept but traditional Buddhist understanding of Nirvana is quite clear. Literally nirvana means blowing out or extinguishing, although Buddhist like to explain it as the absence of craving.When a being reaches a state of nirvana, the defilements of greed, hatred, and delusion no longer arise in his or her mind, since they have been thoroughly rooted out. Yet, like the Buddha, any person who attains nirvana does not remain thereafter ever absorbed in some transcendental state of mind. On the contrary, he or she continues to live in this world, with the difference that his thoughts and deeds are completely free of the motivations of greed, aversion and delusion and motivated instead just by generosity, friendliness and wisdom.This condition of extinguishing the defilement can be termed nirvana with the remainder of life. Eventually, the varan o f life, like all beings, such a person must die. But unlike other beings, who have not experienced nirvana, he or she will not be reborn into some bare-ass life. Instead of being reborn, the person attains parinirvanas, which means that the five aggregates of physical and mental phenomena that constitute a being cease to occur (Gethin, 1998, p. 75). Persons with various deluded mind will not attain nirvana or release and these views are called prapanca.When one gains insight into and realises the dharmakaya, which in effect is the noble truth of cessation with respect to any or all form of prapanca, or self view, one attains the Buddha nature. It is the theories of self and attachment to self that moderate us. Buddha nature thought, like the rest of Buddhism, aims to release us from this bondage. The Dharmakaya or Buddha nature, as the truth of cessation represents the quick releasing from bondage that constitutes the Buddha way. Hence Buddha nature is not a substantive entity, n ot a self mind, but the cessation of all self views (King, 1991, p.95). The Buddhas noble eighth fold path to liberation from suffering emphasized practical discipline and direct experience to countermand the human tendency to theorize about spiritual life and reify rather than to encounter it directly. The eight member of the noble eighth-fold path termed samyak Samadhi consists of eight stages of meditative practices known as jhana in Pali, for the purpose of transcending individuated consciousness and leading to enlightenment or nirvana (Whicher, 1998, P. 313).One of the central images of Buddhism is that of crossing the ocean of samsara and arriving at the other shore of nirvana or enlightenment, which is tour from the troubling world to the world as Buddha land. In Buddhism, this path or crossing to nirvana is the most difficult one, and there is no guarantee of completion of this path. The ocean of life is full of turbulence and this pissed nature of lifes ocean is an intim ate function of our own intentions or karma which we create through actions motivated by our likings and disliking.Since these troubles are our own creation, we must undo the trouble as well. Buddhist salvation is not breaking away from the world but about freeing all things by undoing the dualistic knot of our karma and the stranglehold of our habitually held likes and dislikes (Hershock, 1999, p. 111). In Buddhism, denial of the reality of the self in man is called absolute anatta. The anatta doctrine of the Buddhist philosophy has been from early times a pillar of Buddha dogma, together with all pervading impermanence and suffering.This doctrine is consistently propounded by orthodox Buddhists as one of the most outstanding characteristics of their system. The anatta doctrine raises many questions such as the reality of the moral agent and the existence and nature of moral responsibility, the tenacity of individuality in the rebirth cycle, the nature of kamma, and the way it w orks and the relation of nirbana to the individual who attain it. However, Buddha refuses to tell the question whether the liberated man exists or does not exist after death.However, most of the Buddhist text implies that the liberated man is the personification of all reality (Ramon, 1980, p. 1-2). To conclude, the essence of life according to Buddhism is karma. Karma is called the law of cause and effect, which means every action we undertake creates a cause that will have in some point of time- even in rebirth have an effect. Our bad action in life will bring ban results and good actions will be rewarded with positive results. This is the ethical way how karma operates. This will watch over in check our negative traits, and help us behave mindfully.The wheels of life in Buddhism signify through different symbolism the causes for this cycle of rebirth. Three animals at the center of the wheel symbolises endless cycles of sufferings with one negative action causing the next. The pig depicts the erroneous perception about the world and cock signifies ignorance about our own existence, giving rise to craving, lust, and appetency. The ultimate negativism arising out of wrong perception of life is hatred and anger, symbolised in the wheel in the form of snake.The picture of Buddha at the top let of the picture symbolises liberation from ignorance, desire and hatred which are causes of all our sufferings. Thus liberation of the soul can be realised by following Buddha path and the ultimate attainment of nirvana (Halls, 2003, p. 50). References Bucknell, R. S and Fox, M. X (1983) The three knowledges of Buddhism Implications of Buddhadasas interpretation of rebirth, Religion, pile 13, Issue 2, pp. 99-112 Cheetham, E (1994) Fundamentals of Mainstream Buddhism, Charles E Turtle company Inc, USAGethin, R (1998) The Foundations of Buddhism, Oxford University Press, NY Halls, G. F (2003) the Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Buddhist Wisdom, Octopus Publishing Groups Ha rvey, B. P (1990) An Introduction to Buddhism Teachings, History and Practices, Cambridge University Press Hershock, P. D (1999) Reinventing the wheel A Buddhist response to the information age, Sunny Series of Philosophy and Biology, Albany, State University of New York Press IIzuka, T (1995) The demand for life Zen in business and life, New York University Press.King, R (1999) Indian Philosophy An introduction to Hindu and Buddhist Thought, Edinburg University Press King, S. B (1991) Buddha Nature, Albany State University of New York Press Penney, S (1995) Buddhism, Core edition, Heinmann educational Publishers, P. 48 Ramon, J. P (1980) Self and non-self in early Buddhism, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, N. Y. Whicher, Y (1998) The Integrity of Yoga Darsana A reconsideration of the unequivocal yoga, Sun series in religious studies, Albany, State University of New York Press