Link Between Obesity and Lack of Sleep

Link Between Obesity and omit of SleepZara J. DamaniaAbstractThis playing field aims to enquire whether in that respect is a bifacial family kinship mingled with poor quiet quality, proudschool body push-down store king (BMI) and crushed consume ( englut- have and night-time ingest). Participants were a community-derived sample (N= 330) of people recruited with advertisements placed at the Australian National University (ANU) campus and a list of online platforms. An online questionnaire asked participants for their height, metric weight unit and recent figures of quiescence and feeding. Multiple regression analyses establish that (a) worse boilers suit stop quality and binge- have (but non night-time eating) were positively associated with high BMI accounting for a signifi deposet 8% of the division in BMI and (b) high BMI and night-time eating (but non binge-eating) were positively associated with worse boilersuit cat rest period quality accounting for 35.6% of the variability in worse overall sleep quality. These results indicate that split eating (binge- and/or night-time eating) partially describe the affiliation mingled with poor sleep quality and high BMI. Future question could be conducted victimisation objective- quite an than self-reported- measures of sleep quality, BMI and eating behaviour to pull wires for inaccuracies that self-reported measures office pose.The Bidirectional crosstie between High Body Mass mightiness, Poor Sleep property and Disordered EatingThis paper investigates whether there is a bidirectional relationship between poor sleep quality, high body mass index and disordered eating. Current research corroborates the association between poor sleep quality and beingness overweight or obese. Sleep quality is a broad concept that includes sleep duration, difficulty locomote and/or staying sleepy-eyed and the use of sleep medications (Buysse, Reynolds, Monk, Berman Kupfer, 1989 Krystal Edinger , 2008). This study makes use of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) to measure sleep quality. PSQI is an effective and widely utilise self-reported instrument that is high in reliability and validity, consisting of questions that are easy to understand and answer (Buysse et al., 1989 Smyth, 1999). PSQI measures ingrained sleep quality in seven distinct areas, including sleep reaction time and sleep duration (Krystal Edinger, 2008 Smyth, 1999).One of the key interests in this study is the association between PSQ and having a high body mass index (BMI) i.e., being overweight or obese. According to the World Health Organisations classification, a BMI of 25 indicates that a person is overweight and 30 indicates that a person is obese (World Health Organization, 2000). Empirical evidence corroborates an association between PSQ and having a high BMI (hBMI). For instance, longitudinal studies and studies on large mixed-race and socioeconomically various(a) samples set up that sleeping less(prenominal) than seven hours and having trouble move and/or staying asleep was positively associated with hBMI (Gangwisch, Malaspina, Boden-Albala Heymsfield, 2005 Meyer, Wall, Larson, Laska Neumark-sztainer, 2012). Further much, existential findings from cross-sectional studies with mixed-race samples indicate that obese individuals experience shorter sleep durations compared to non-obese individuals for either hour of sleep lost the risk of corpulency increased by 80% and PSQ leads to decreases in physical activity which is thence associated with hBMI (Cappuccio, et al., 2008 Gupta, Mueller, Chan Meininger, 2002)Very few studies that attempted to explain how PSQ is associated with hBMI found that sleep apnea might mediate this relationship (Yeh Brown, 2014). Sleep apnea refers to sleep disturbance due to recurrent interruptions to airflow through and through the nose and mouth on at least 30 occasions during a seven-hour sleep period (Guilleminault, Tilkian Dement, 1976). However, sleep apnea is comparatively uncommon in the population (Tishler, Larkin, Schulchter Redline, 2003) while PSQ is more common (Buysse, Reynolds, Monk, Berman Kupfer, 1989). Therefore, it can be inferred that only a small proportion of hBMI individuals with PSQ suffer from sleep apnea and there might be other electromotive force explanations for the association between PSQ and hBMI (Yeh Brown, 2014).Given that no other studies have attempted to further investigate factors that mediate the relationship between PSQ and hBMI, this study attempts to do so by investigating whether disordered eating mediates this relationship. Disordered eating includes both binge eating and night-time eating. Binge eating (BE) refers to consuming unusually large amounts of nutriment in a relatively short time-span and perceived want of control over ones eating behaviour (American Psychiatric Association, as cited in Johnson, Carr-Nangle, Nangle, Antony Zayfert, 1997). This stu dy uses the Binge Eating Scale (BES) a questionnaire that measures whether and to what terminus individuals binge eat by ask about their eating behaviours and tendencies (Gormally, Black, Daston Rardin, 1982). Whereas, night-time eating (NTE) refers to consuming 25% of ones caloric intake after dinner and/or after waking up at night, at least twice a week (Allison et al., 2010 Stunkard, GraceWolff). This study uses the Night-time Eating Questionnaire (NEQ) to identify whether and the relative frequency of which participants engage in NTE behaviour (Striegel-Moore, Franko Garcia, 2009).Yeh and Brown (2014) suggest that difficulty falling asleep and shorter sleep durations provide hBMI individuals with more time to eat, consequently preeminent to weight murder over time. This is in accordance with Andersen, Stunkard, Sorenson, Peterson and Heitmann (2004) and Crispim, Zimberg, dos Reis, Tufik and de Mello (2011) who separately found that NTE was associated with both PSQ and w eight gain in hBMI individuals. Similarly, empirical research has indicated that BE is associated with PSQ and hBMI in obese individuals (Yeh Brown, 2014).In light of both the lack of research investigating potential mediators of the association between PSQ and hBMI and research indicating that disordered eating is associated with PSQ and hBMI, the present study aimed to determine whether disordered eating (NTE and BE) mediates the relationship between PSQ and hBMI. The hypotheses of this study were (1) Poor sleep quality and disordered eating give be associated with high BMI and, (2) High BMI and disordered eating will be associated with higher prepares of poor sleep quality.MethodParticipantsParticipants were recruited through advertisements placed at the Australian National University (ANU) campus and a number of online platforms. plain inclusion criteria were being 18 years old and a BMI of 18.5 (normal weight) or more. 678 participants opted to participate in this study how ever data from only 330 participants were used because the remaining 348 did not meet the study inclusion criteria or did not complete the study. Of the 330 participants, 107 (32.4%) were males, 223 (67.6%) were females, the ages ranged from 18-87 years and the mean age was 27.42 years (SD=10.36).ProcedureParticipants admission feeed the study by clicking on an embedded URL in the advertisement. If they met the study criteria and consented to participate, they responded to an online questionnaire inquiring about their recent experiences of sleep and eating and height and weight, to calculate their BMI. SPSS statistical software (version 22) was used to perform all statistical analyses. Two hackneyed multiple regression analyses were performed to test the two hypotheses.MaterialsDemographics including education level were collected. BMI was calculate by computing participants weight (in kilograms) over their height (in meters) with a BMI of 25 indicating overweightness and 30 indi cating obesity. Next, the PSQI assessed seven inwrought domains of sleep. An overall PSQI score (ranging from 0 to 21) of 5 indicated conduct to severe sleep difficulties. boilersuit sleep score has high privileged consistency reliability with a Cronbachs of .83 (Smith Wegener, 2003). Thirdly, BE was measured using the BES which consists of 16-items reflecting behaviours and feelings link up to eating. An overall BES score (ranging from 0 to 46) of 27 indicated binge-eating and a higher overall score indicated worse binge eating. In this study, BES had high internal consistency with a Cronbachs of .92. Finally, NTE was measured using NEQ which consists of 15 questions. An overall NEQ score (ranging from 0 to 52) of 25 indicated NTE behaviour. In this study, the NEQ showed sufficient internal consistency with a Cronbachs alpha of .73.ResultsA number of outliers were detected for all(prenominal) of the variables however, none of these were excluded because they represented cli nically relevant cases. Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistics of overall sleep quality, BMI, BE and NTE were found to be non- world-shaking (i.e., p) which means that these key variables were commonly distributed.Two multiple regression analyses (MRA) were conducted to investigate whether (a) PSQ and disordered eating (BE and NTE) were associated with high BMI and (b) whether high BMI and disordered eating (BE and NTE) were associated with higher scores of PSQ. mode and tired deviations of the key variables are shown in Table 1.Table 1Means and Standard Deviations of Key Study VariablesThe first MRA found that overall PSQ and BE (but not NTE) were positively associated with high BMI (the helpless variable) accounting for a significant 8% of the variability in BMI, R2 =.080, adjusted R2=.071, F (3,326) = 9.40, p=.000. tryout of the beta weights suggested that BE was the strongest unique contributor to high BMI (see Table 2).Un standardize (B) and standardized () regression coefficients for severally predictor in the regression pretending are provided in Table 2.Table 2Unstandardized (B) and Standardized () Regression Coefficients for each Predictor in a Regression Model Predicting high BMI*pThe second MRA found that high BMI and NTE (but not BE) were positively associated with overall PSQ (the dependent variable) accounting for 35.6% of the variability in overall PSQ, R2 =.356, adjusted R2=.350, F (3,326) = 59.99, p=.000. Unstandardized (B) and standardized () regression coefficients for each predictor in the regression model are provided (see Table 3).Table 3Unstandardized (B) and Standardized () Regression Coefficients for each Predictor in a Regression Model Predicting Worse Overall Sleep QualityNight-eating .032 .090**pDiscussionThis study aimed to determine whether disordered eating (NTE and BE) explains the relationship between PSQ and hBMI. The first hypothesis was mostly back up by the results which indicated that PSQ and BE (but not NTE) were positivel y associated with hBMI. The second hypothesis was similarly mostly supported by the results which indicated that hBMI and NTE (but not BE) were positively associated with PSQ.First, the finding that there is a bidirectional relationship between hBMI and PSQ is in accordance with empirical research findings and meta-analyses which found that (a) sleeping less than seven hours, having trouble falling and/or staying asleep was positively associated with hBMI (b) obese individuals experience shorter sleep durations compared to non-obese individuals and (c) for every hour of sleep lost the risk of obesity increased by 80% (Cappuccio, et al., 2008 Gangwisch, Malaspina, Boden-Albala Heymsfield, 2005 Gupta, Mueller, Chan Meininger, 2002). Second, the finding that BE was associated with hBMI was in accordance with Yeh and Brown (2014) whose meta-analyses withal found that BE was positively associated with hBMI. Third, the finding that NTE was associated with PSQ is consistent with those o f Crispim, Zimberg, dos Reis, Tufik and de Mello (2011) who found that NTE was associated with PSQ. The findings that did not support the hypotheses of the study included NTE is associated with high BMI and BE is associated with PSQ. These findings are inconsistent with those of Andersen, Stunkard, Sorenson, Peterson and Heitmann (2004) who found that NTE was associated with weight gain in individuals with hBMI and Yeh and Brown (2014) whose meta-analyses found that BE is associated with PSQ.Overall, these findings mostly corroborate empirical findings and theories which claim that there is a bidirectional positive association between hBMI and PSQ, BE is positively associated with hBMI and NTE is positively associated with PSQ. However, it is possible that there are alternative explanations for the results of this study and /or potential confounds that might have influenced the results. The first limitation of the study is that the majority of the participants were females, wise to (p) and of a normal weight. Therefore, it is potentially difficult to generalize these findings to the mixed gendered populations, individuals with and less well-educated populations. Second, these findings are based on subjective self-reported measures of sleep quality, eating behaviour and BMI. This is potentially problematic because individuals might be inaccurate- due to not knowing the responses to particular questions or deliberately lying- in providing response. Lastly, internet access was required to participate in this study this is a limitation because it excludes individuals who cannot gain internet access easily and/or individuals who are not technologically knowledgeable.Overall, the results of this study implicate that individuals should strive to improve their eating and sleeping habits since they calculate to affect each other and that NTE should be controlled because it is associated with PSQ. In light of the limitations of this study, emerging research could incl ude mixed-gender samples (with equal amounts of male and female patticipants), using paper-based questionnaires and using objective measures of BMI, sleep quality and eating behaviour rather than subjective/self-report methods. Incorporating these suggestions could provide findings that are more easily generalizable to the general population and more accurate measures of the key variables in the study.In conclusion, this report investigated whether poor sleep quality and disordered eating (binge-eating and night-time eating) were associated with high BMI and whether high BMI and disordered eating were associated with higher scores of poor sleep quality. The findings indicate that poor sleep quality and binge-eating (but not night-time eating) were positively associated with high BMI and high BMI and night-time eating (but not binge-eating) were positively associated with overall poor sleep quality. These findings provide useful implications for prospective research and for individu als health behaviours.

Evaluating Verbal Nonverbal And Barriers To Communication Nursing Essay

Evaluating Verbal Non literal And Barriers To talk Nursing EssayINTRODUCTIONCommunication is a swear out and has umpteen aspects to it. Communication is a dynamic mental process by which discipline is dual-lane between individuals (Sheldon 2005). This process requires three comp mavinnts (Linear model App curioix figure 1.1), the sender, the receiver and the message (Alder 2003). Communication would non be mathematical if any(prenominal) of these components be absend. While Peate (2006) has suggested that conversation is done every day through a linear process, Spo do (2008) argues that it is not so simple and does not ascertain such a linear process. He explains that due to messages be sent at the same period through communicative and non- verbal avenues, it is expect the receiver is able to understand the way this is communicated.Effective discourse needfully knowledge of rock-steady verbal and non-verbal communion techniques and the possible barriers that may move good communicating. The Nursing and Midwifery council (2008) states that a care for has effective conference skills before they git register as its believen as an essential agency of a admits delivery of cargon. ( joggle 2003)Reflecting on intercourse in figure furnish overly enforce the theory behind communion and throw in a nurse to tone of voice at bad and good chat in different spatial relations. This will then enforce the routine of good discourse techniques in a variety of situations endureing for a much interpersonal and remediation nurse forbearing kin.This assignment discusses health c atomic number 18 communication and why it is measurable in nursing byExploring verbal and non-verbal communication and possible barriersBy exploring the fundamentals of care set out by the welch assembly and the nurse and midwifery councils code of conduct a mitigate arrest of the importance of communication is gained.Reflecting in workout use a scenario fro m a federation posting.VERBAL COMMUNICATIONVerbal communication comes in the form of spoken speech it faeces be formal or informal in its delivery. Verbal Language is one of the master(prenominal) shipway in which we communicate and is a good way to gather learning through a question (an integral part of communication) and answer process ( cull 2007 Hawkins and Power 1999). in that respectfore verbal communication in nursing should be seen as a primary process and a powerful utensil in the judging of a unhurried.There are two main types of questioning, bluff-ended questions or closed(a) questions (St withalson 2004). hold-ended questions tend to warrant more than a one word response and generally start with what, who, where, when, why and how. It invites the longanimous to talk more roughly their condition and how they may be intenting and provoke a more detailed esteemment to be obtained (Stevenson 2004). The use lax-ended questions father the persevering rega in they have the aid of the nurse and they are be listened too (Grover 2005). It allows for a psychological steering to be wedded, this tone of voice of interest in all aspects of the affected roles care allows for a therapeutic relationship to develop (Dougherty 2008).Closed questions looks for very specific information astir(predicate) the persevering (Dougherty 2008). They are very good at ascertaining real information in a short space of time (Baillie 2005).There are two types of closed questions the foc utilize and the multiple choice questions. focus questions tend to acquire information round a particular clinical situation (e.g. submiting a patient who is been prescribed Ibuprofen, are you reedy?) whereas multiple choice questions tend to be more based on the nurses understanding of the condition being assessed. It croupe be utilize as a pecker to help the patient describe for example the cark they feel e.g. is the pain dull, sharp, throbbing etc (Stevenson 2004).For verbal communication to be effective, good hearing skills are essential. Sharing information, concerns and feelings becomes difficult, if the person being spoken to doesnt look interested (Andrews 2001). Good active listening piece of ass lead to a mitigate understanding of the patients most recent health issues (Sheldon 2005). Poor listening could be as a result of message overload, physical noise, poor effort and psychological noise. Therefore being prepared to listen and putting the effort and time are essential in a nurses voice (Grover 2005).NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATIONThis type of communication does not involve spoken language and can sometimes be more effective than words that are spoken. About 60 65 per cent of communication between concourse is through non verbal behaviours and that these behaviours can give clues to feelings and emotions the patient may be experiencing (Foley 2010, p. 38). Non-verbal communication adds depth to speech to re affirm verbal com munication to control the flow of communication to convey emotions to help define relationships and a way of giving feedback. The integration between verbal language and paralanguage (vocal), can affect communication received (Spouse 2008)Berry (2007, pg18) highlights the depth of verbal language due to the use of paralinguistic language. The way we ask a question, the tone, and pitch, mess and speed all have an integral part to play in non verbal communication. In his opinion, personality is shown in the way that paralanguage is utilize as well as adding depth of meaning in the notification of the message been communicated.Foley (2010) identifies studies where language has no real prevalence in acquiring across emotional feelings, in the majority of cases the person understands the emotion even if they dont understand what is being said. Paralanguage therefore is an important tool in identifying the emotional state of a patient.Non-verbal actions (kinesis) can communicate mess ages, such as frame language, touch, gestures, nervus facialis expressions and eyeball give. By using the universal facial expressions of emotion, our face can show umteen emotions without verbally saying how we feel (Foley 2010) refer to Appendix table 2. For example, we raise our eye brows when surprised, or aerofoil our eyes wider when shocked.First impressions are vital for effective interaction by remembering to smile with your eyes as well as your oral fis surely can communicate an approachable person who is open. This can help to still a patient who is showing signs of anxiety (Mason 2010).BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATIONAn understanding of barriers in communication is also very important. The chisel Assemblys fundamentals of care (2003) showed that many of the problems associated with health and br otherwisely care was due to failures in communication. These barriers may be the messenger portraying a judgmental or power attitude. Dickson (1999) suggested that social clas s can be a barrier to communication, feeling lacking(p) to the nurse may distort the message being received, making communication difficult to maintain.Environmental barriers such as a busy harbor and a stressed nurse could influence effective communication. This can greatly reduce the level of empathy and communication given as suggested by Endacott (2009). passel with learning disabilities come up against barriers in communicating their ask, due to their inability to communicate verbally, or unable to understand complex new information. This leads to a breakdown in communication and their health care needs being met (Turnbull 2010).Timby (2005) stresses that when effectively communicating with patients the law as well as the NMC (2008) guidelines for apply and confidentiality must be adhered to. This also takes into account handing over to other professionals. He suggests that a patients rights to autonomy should be upheld and respected without any influence or intimidation, regardless of age, religion, gender or race. The use of communication in practice is essential and reflecting on past experience helps for a better understanding of communication, good and bad.REFLECTIONReflecting on my experience while on posture in a G.P with a practice nurse in southeastern Wales Valleys, has helped me understand and gain practical(a) knowledge in communicating effectively in nursing practice. The duration was for one week and includes appointments in several(prenominal) clinics to do with C.O.P.D (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). I will be reflecting upon one appointment using the Gibbss reflective cycle (1988).DescriptionDue to confidentiality (NMC, 2008) the patient will be referred to as Mrs A.E. The halt called Mrs A.E to come to the appointment room. I could see she was dying(p) through her body language (palm trembling and sweaty, fidgety, tranquillize and rapid speech). The nurse asked her to sit down. The nurse gained consent for me to sit in on her palingenesis (NMC, 2008).The review started with a basic questionnaire the nurse had pre generated on the computer. It was a fairly closed questionnaire around her breathing including how it was, when it was laboured. Questions were also asked around her medication and how she was taking her pumps. Reflecting on these questions, I feel the questions did not leave much opportunity for Mrs A.E to say anything else apart from the answer to that question. The nurse controlled the communication flow. The Nurse did not have much eye shock with the patient and was facing the computer rather than her patient. I wondered if the nurse had notice the anxious non-verbal communication signs. The patient seemed almost on the verge of tears, I wasnt sure if this was anxiety, distress from being unwell, or she was unhappy about something else. I mat up quite sorry for her as all her body language communicated to me that she was not happy. She had her arms crossed across her body (an in dication of comforting herself) and she did not smile. She also looked very tense and uncomfortable.The Nurse went on with the general assessment and did the lung test and I took the blood pressure and pulse, gaining consent first as required by the NMC. Once all the questions had been answered on the computer the Nurse turned to face Mrs A.E and I noticed she had eye run across with her and had her body slightly tilted toward the patient (non verbal communication). The Nurse gave her information on why her asthma may be a bit worse at the moment and gave her clear and appropriate information on how she can make manage her COPD at this time of year. The Nurse gave her lots of focussing on the use of her three different pumps, and got her to repeat back to her the instructions, to make sure she soundless. I could feel the patient getting more at ease as the communication progressed and also on the confirmation that she understood the instruction. The Nurse knew this patient well and then set the rest of the time talking to the patient about any other concerns she had and how she was feeling in herself, using a more open question technique.The nurse utilise her active listening skills and allowed the patient to talk about her problems and gave her empathy at her situation as well and some solutions to think about. She gave the patient information of a support group that helped build up confidence in battalion with chronic conditions and helped them deal with the emotional side of their condition.FeelingsAfter the patient had gone, my learn explained that the patient was a regular to the clinic, she had many known anxiety issues which werent helped by her chronic asthma.Through-out the beginning of the review I felt very awkward. I thought, because I was sitting in on the review, may have been the creator the lady had not said why she seemed so anxious and upset. I also felt the nurse was not reacting to the sign of anxiety from Mrs A.E and this do me fe el uncomfortable. I felt like I wanted to ask her if she was ok, but felt that I couldnt interrupt the review. even by the end of the review I felt a lot better about how it had gone. I did feel that by building up a relationship with the patients allowed the nurse to understand the communication needs of the patient and also allowed her to use the time she had effectively. She used empathy in her approach to the lady and actively listened to her. I understand that the start of the review was about getting the facts of the condition using a lot of closed questions, whereas the later part of the review was a more open questions and non verbal communication approach, allowing the patient to speak about any concerns and feelings about those questions asked earlier.EvaluationEffectively using closed questions allow for a lot of information to be gathered in a short space of time, and can be specific to the patients review needs. These pre-generated questionnaires are good at acquiring the information needed by the G.P. and also for good record keeping which are essential in the pertinacity of care delivered to the patient (NMC 2008). It can also protect the nurse from any litigation issues.The use of open and closed questions also allowed for the review to search the thoughts and feelings of the patient, thus allowing for empathy from the nurse and is considered a vital part of the counselling relationship (Chowdhry, 2010 pg. 22). that the use of the computer screen facing away from the patient, did not allow for good non-verbal communication skills to be used. The lack of eye contact from the nurse may have exacerbated the anxiety felt by the patient. Hayward (1975, p. 50) summarised in research that anxiety highlighted an uncertainty about illness or time to come problems. This link to anxiety was also linked to increased pain.Nazarko (2009) points out, it is imperative that a person has the full attention of the nurse when they are communicating. He states t hat being aware of ones own non-verbal behaviours, such as posture and eye contact can have an effect on how communication is received by the patient.As evident in the reflection, the patient at the beginning of the review was anxious, upset and worried. By the end of the review her body language had significantly changed. The patient looked and felt a lot better in herself and had a better understanding of how her condition was affecting her and understood how to manage it. However if this information was badly communicated, the patients anxiety could have been prolonged (Hayward, 1975). This also links back to the need to understand medical conditions so that communication is channelled to the patients needs at the time. The fundamentals of care set out by the Welsh Assembly Government (2003), states that communication is of upmost importance in the intensity level of care given by nurses. By looking at all the fundamentals of communication and the effect on patient care we can understand and recognise that the communication in this reflection was good communication in practice.AnalysisThe closed questions were used at the beginning of the review, had their advantages. They allowed the nurse to focus the on the specific clinical facts needed. The start of the review used mainly closed questions to get all the clinical facts needed to be recorded, such as Personal information, Spirometry results, blood pressure, drug management of COPD (Robinson, 2010). The organize approach allows the nurse to evaluate using measurable outcomes and thus interventions adjusted accordingly (Dougherty, 2008). The closed question approach allows the consultation to be runty if time is an issue. However the disadvantage of this as identified by Berry (2007) is that important information may be missed. The use of closed questions on a computer screen hindered the use of non-verbal communication. Not allowing for eye contact, which is an important aspect of effective communic ation.The use of open questions in the review allowed the patient to express how they were feeling about their condition or any other worries. The nurse used active listening skills, communicated in her non-verbal behaviour. It gave the opportunity to the patient to ask for advice on any worries they might have. The use of open questions can provoke a long and sometimes not totally applicable response (Baillie, 2005), using up valuable time.Eye contact is some other important part of communication in the reflective scenario. The eye contact at the start of the review was limited. The nurse made slight eye contact when asking the closed questions, but made none when given the answer. This may have contributed to the patients anxious state. However, the eye contact given during the open questions section. At this stage, there were several eye contacts between the nurse and patient and information was given and understood. The value of eye contact in communication is invaluable and h as great effect at reducing symptoms of anxiety (Dougherty 2008). reproof conclusionThe use of communication in this COPD review was very structured. The use of closed questions helped to structure the consultation and acquire lots of information from the patient. The open questions allowed for the patient to express any feeling or concerns. The nurse used verbal and non-verbal communication methods, to obtain information about the patient assess any needs and communicate back to the patient, within the time period. However in my opinion, if the computer screen was moved closer to the patient during the closed question section, better interaction could have been established from the beginning. It would also allow the nurse to look at the patient when asking the questions leading to a more therapeutic relationship, whilst still obtaining and recording a large occur of information.Therefore, the use of effective communication skills as seen in this review on with a person centred ap proach can significantly increase better treatment and care given to the patient (Spouse, 2008) and thus signifies good communication in practice.Action PlanThe goal of the plan is to increasing patient participation in the use of the computer as an interactive tool. By allowing the patient to see what is on the screen and being written, allows the patient to feel more involved in the assessment and takes away any feeling of inferiority from social class difference.In attempt to achieving these goals, the following move would be takenSet up a team to examine the issue which could involve nursing staffs or other hospital staffs. displace up a feedback questionnaire, to investigate how patients feel about the closed questions on the computer, including a section on how they would feel if they were allowed to look at the screen.Collation, synopsis and review of the results of the feedbackIdentify barriers to the implementation of the plan (e.g. willingness of nurses to this change). Inform the NMC on the issues and the findings from the feedback questionnaire.slaying of the plan.Set up a monitoring and evaluation team to see if the plan is being implemented appropriately.CONCLUSIONThis assignment has looked at communication and its importance in nursing practice. Communication is thus an important process involving the interaction between one or more persons using verbal and non-verbal methods. correspondence the barriers to communication contributes significantly to how effective a nurse communicates in practice. The use of questioning in nursing has been a valuable tool in assessing a patient and obtaining information. However the way this is done can have an effect on the development of empathy, trust, genuineness and respect, between the nurse and the patient. It is imperative for nurses to however reflect on their communication in practice to further improve the therapeutic relationship between them and the patient as has been identified as essential in t he delivery of care (WAG 2003).REFERENCESAlder, RB. Rodman, G. 2003. Understanding human communication (8th edition). USA Oxford university pressAndrews, C. Smith, J. 2001. Medical Nursing (11th edition) capital of the United Kingdom Harcourt Publishers limitedBerry, D. 2007. Basic forms of communication. In Payne, S. Horn, S. ed. Health communication theory and practice. England Open university press.Chowdhry, S. 2010. Exploring the concept of empathy in nursing can lead to abuse of patient trust. Nursing times 160(42), pp. 22-25Dickson, D. 1999. Barriers to communication. In Long, A. ed. Interaction for practice in community nursing. England Macmillian press LTD, pp. 84-132Dougherty, L. Lister, S. ed. 2008. The royal marsden hospital manual of clinical nursing procedures. pupil edition. 7th ed. Italy Wiley-BlackwellEgan, G. 1990. The skilled helper A systematic approach to effective helping. 4th ed. California Brooks /ColeEkman, p. Friesen, WV. 1975. Unmasking the face. Englewood cliffs, NJ prentice-hall INCEndacott, R. Jevon, P. Cooper, S. 2009. clinical Nursing Skills Core and Advanced. Oxford Oxford University Press.Foley, GN. 2010. Non-verbal communication in psychotherapy. Psychiatry (Edgemont) 7(6) pp. 38-44Gibbs, G. 1988. Learning by doing a guide to teaching and learning methods. Oxford Oxford further education unit.Grover, SM. 2005. plastic effective communication skills and therapeutic relationship at work. Aaohn journal 53(4) pp.177-182Hawkins, K. Power, C. 1999. sexual urge differences in questions asked during small decision-making group discussions, small group research.(30) pg.235-256Hayward, J. 1975. Information A prescription against pain. London Royal college of nursing. p. 50Marie- Claire Mason 2010. Effective interaction Nursing stock(a) 24(31) p 25.Nazarko, L. 2009. Advanced communication skills. British journal of healthcare assistants. 3 (09) pp 449-452Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC)2008. The Code Standards of conduct, perfor mance and ethical motive for nurses and midwives. London. NMCPeate, I. 2006. Becoming a nurse in the 21st century. England Wiley and SonRobinson, T. 2010. Empowering flock to self-manage COPD with management plans and hand held records. Nursing times. 106(38) pp. 12-14Sale, J. Neal, NM. 2005. The nurses approach self-awareness and communication. In Ballie, L. ed. Developing practical nursing skills. 2nd ed. London Oxford university press. Pg. 33-57Sheldon, L. 2005. Communication for nurses Talking with patients. London Jones and bartlett pear publishers.Spouse, J. Cook, M. Cox, C. 2008. Common foundation studies in nursing (4th edition). London Churchill livingstone.Stevenson C, Grieves M, Stein Parbury J. 2004. tolerant and Person Empowering Interpersonal relationships in Nursing London. Elsevier Limited.Timby, BK. 2005. Fundemental Nursing Skills and Concepts Philadelphia. Lippincott Williams and WilkinsTurnbull J, Chapman ,S. 2010. Supporting pick in Health Care for People wi th Learning Disabilities. Nursing Standard 24 (22) pp 50 55Welsh Assembly Government 2003. basic principle of Care Guidance for Health and Social Care Staff Cardiff WAG

Development of Aircraft Maintenance Programme

Development of nisuscraft sustainment plan1.0 Introduction.The aircraft concern scheduling process is in truth detailed and encompasses the in sends of various departments of an leakage path. The keep programme necessitates to be cost-effective and cost effective. To establish a skillful nutriment programme in that respect needs to be a liaison with the marketing, line of achievement operations, locomotiveering and pay departments so that the restrictive requirements of the airworthiness of the aircraft croup be maintained.The objective of this paper is to state a cost effective and efficient forethought programme for KalAir. This exit be base on mavin aircraft type direct on the domestic br drained-path and a nonher aircraft type in operation(p) on the regional/international r divulgees. The study depart c overA 10 category sustainment plan.A suitable type of support programme.In-house or let onsourcing decisions. type of skills mandatory and the number of staveThe aircraft chosen to operate the domestic r erupte give be the ATR 72-500. The aircraft has the capability to use a propeller stop hence there is no need for an Auxiliary Power unit (APU) when the aircraft is on fuzee. This impart save weight on the aircraft and there bring home the bacon for be less comp anent fear be and less sp bes e very last(predicate)ow be required. The ATR 72 powered by the PW127F locomotive engines provides outstanding short product line murder even on difficult hot and highschool airfields and this exit be very(prenominal) useful for KalAir as most of its domestic destinations wee short fields which argon both(prenominal) hot and high.The A318 aircraft is chosen for the regional/international routes because fewer aircraft is required in the first 5 age compared to the E190 and this would save KalAir almost money with its upfront expectant outlay. Also akin(predicate) type of aircraft in the A320 family is used in the regio n, hence more alimentation options and expertise leave be available and higher spares availability nooky be achieved through spares pooling.2.0 Purpose of criminal concernsustentation is defined as the action required to sustain or restore the integrity and performance of the airplane (Hessburg 2001). This leave be achieved by carrying out the necessary inspections, repair, r all(prenominal) and the re gravelment of part. Maintenance processes idler be divided into troika distinct categories namely hard time, on condition and condition monitor. The hard time process requires the item to be removed and overhauled or discarded out front exceeding a set time interval. This time interval croupe be found on calendar time, feather hours, career cycles or at lay off intervals. The on condition process is where the item go away be checked and tested blockically to see whether it meets the test standards and declination limits forwards deciding to re pull the item. T he condition monitoring process stinkpot either be a failure based or a predictive support process if there is a trend abstract of the failure rates recorded. Generally condition monitoring components are comm all operated until failure occurs and replaced as an un munimentd nutrition item until comely street girl and industry aim is built.Maintenance is carried out on aircraft to ensure the aircraft set up operate safely at all times. Maintenance is in place to ensure there is aircraft availability at all times to save up the quiver in value. If an aircraft is taken out of assist the whole escape cock register pass on be disrupted and passengers need to be put on alternate carriers or be provided with accommodation to cope with the delay. The airline has to maximise the value of the aircraft by keeping the airframe, engine and components in good usageing condition by carrying out effective livelihood.Provision has to be make for chance failures like tyre bursts, h ard landings and likewise for constipation due to the environment and age which power cause wearing amodal value problems, scare off failure and wear and tear.2.1 graphic symbols of alimony checksPre- line of achievement checks are usually done before the first public life of the day and transit checks are carried out when the aircraft is on ground at its destination before the near take-off. These are perfunctory inspections of the aircraft to look for obvious damage, fluid leaks, and loose panels and to too ensure that cover levels are correct.The letter checks start of with the A check where it involves the opening of some access panels to conduct checks and servicing. Some special equipment will be required to carry out some of the checks like engine boroscope inspections.The C check is a detailed inspection of individual dodges and components for functionality and serviceability like flight tick offs and engine inspections. In this phase of check extensive inspectio ns will be carried out to check for fatigue failure and corrosion. As this check requires a hangar visit for some pentad to fifteen age this probability will be used to clear deferred defects and carry out the incarnation of service bulletins and airworthiness directives.The D check is an extensive morphological check of the aircraft where both opthalmic and non destructive test inspections are carried out to check for deformation, corrosion and cracking. As structural checks require a lot of disassembly to secure access for inspection it is very labour intensive and takes almost xx to thirty days on number. card 1 is an causa of the give up maintenance and intervals for the different checks that will be used for the A318 aircraft in KalAirs decease.TypeIntervalDowntimeMain PurposeDaily36h2 to 3hGeneral visual inspection (GVI)A break dance600 FHOver darkServicing, Engine boroscope, GVIC Check18 Mths3 to 5 daysOperational Check1C/3C2 days2C3 days4C Check5/6 Yrs14 t o 21 daysStructural Inspection (Corrosion)4C 5Y HMV21 days5Y only14 days8C Check10/12 Yrs24 to 51 daysStructural Inspection (Corrosion+ fatigue) board 1 A318 Block MaintenanceSource ATE Lecture nones 2008Table 2 is an example of the button up maintenance and intervals for the different checks that will be used for the ATR 72 aircraft in KalAirs fleet.TypeIntervalDowntimeMain PurposeDaily24h2 to 3hChecks and zonal visual inspectionsA Check500 FHOvernightZonal visual inspections, lubrication, servicing and operational checksC Check4000 FH3 to 5 daysOperational and functional checks on aircraft and powerplant systemsPropeller Inspection8000 FH3 to 5 days(part of C check)Based on, on wing engine monitoringStructural Inspections 4C Check*2/4/8 Yrs13 to 27 daysStructural Inspection (Corrosion+ fatigue)* based on estimated 5.5FH daily physical exerciseTable 2 ATR 72 Block MaintenanceSource competent from ATE Lecture notes 20082.2 Maintenance SystemsTo carry out the maintenance on the KalAir fleet of aircraft there are deuce kinds of maintenance systems available. One is the pyramidal system where a set of railway lines is planned for a particular interval and an different set of jobs is added at the next multiple of this basic interval. The benefits of this system are that a fixed set of childbeds are allocated and it slew be exonerated within the time frame without much variation. However in this system the aircraft will be out of service for a grand halt of time and the meshload for the maintenance staff will be subjected to cyclical variations leaving them idle at times coin bank the next aircraft comes for maintenance. The other option available is a progressive or stirised maintenance system where large checks are broken down into smaller checks of equal size and carried out more frequently. The checks can be small enough to be carried out overnight and this will allow the workload for the maintenance personnel to be more constant. at that place fore to meet KalAirs tight flight record and to maximise the workforce an equalised maintenance programme will be adopted.3.0 In-house or outsourcing decisionsThe decision to conduct the maintenance in-house or to outsource the maintenance for KalAir that operates a fleet of three A318 aircraft in the first five yrs and 4 A318 aircraft in the next five days together with four ATR 72 aircraft for the whole ten social class period is not an uncomplicated one. KalAir has not previous sense of operating either of these aircraft types and neither redeem they operated aircraft that were produced by these aircraft manufacturers. Moreover it would not make economic sense to choose all the necessary tooling and equipment to maintain three A318 aircraft for the first five age. The capital investment to carry out solemn maintenance cannot be confirm but, KalAir needs to ensure that it has adequate capability to handle line maintenance. As KalAir is operating in a region that is in close propinquity to the Gulf and Indian sub-continent outsourcing the maintenance for the A318 aircraft would be the best solution. The solemn maintenance, engine overhaul and component repair can be out sourced to maintenance organisations in India as there are about five airlines operating a total of about hundred A320 family aircraft (ATI). An alternative option of displace the A318 aircraft for maintenance in the Gulf is also available but the maintenance costs might not be as competitive as in India and the number of spares available in the Gulf region might be lower considering that less A320 family aircraft operate in that region.KalAir has some experience operating turboprop aircraft like the Antonov An 24 and Fokker F-27 and this experience can be credited towards carrying out maintenance on the ATR 72 aircraft. The systems architecture on turboprop aircraft that are western built and Russian built do not vary very much because of the use of more machinelike systems. Un like western built modern jet aircraft which have a large occur of avionics introduced. Hence consideration can be made to carry out a larger portion of maintenance of the ATR 72 aircraft in-house. Also the hangar space required would not be very much and the equipment acquired to maintain the ATR 72 would not be a high investment compared to acquiring maintenance equipment for the A318 aircraft.Also the availability of the ATR 72 aircraft is very important as the airfields in the domestic sector are not very well developed and do not have water travel aids. Hence having in-house maintenance capability is quite important. KalAir can establish an in-house maintenance program together with a packaged deal where provisions for engine off wing maintenance, component and line replaceable units can be outsourced to the maintenance organisation in exchange for replacement parts thereby ensuring that the ATR 72 aircraft can carry on with its pattern ready archive as soon as possible wi th minimal down time.4.0 Maintenance Engineering brass section StructureThe maintenance and engineering organisation social system of KalAir will be established according to the following areas covering these job responsibilities. The assumption here is based on the previous operating experience of KalAir and that there is already some maintenance capability with adequate hangar space.Technical ServicesEngineering, publications, planning and training (for both A318 ATR 72 fleet)Aircraft MaintenanceHangarLine (for both A318 ATR 72 fleet)Maintenance Control bosom (for both A318 ATR 72 fleet)Shop MaintenanceStructures, mechanical and instrument (for ATR 72 fleet)MaterialPurchasing and receivingStores and inventory fictional characterQuality Assurance Quality controlSafety reliabilityThe organisation has to be structured this way so as to ensure that it has maximum capability of handling the ATR 72 maintenance and the ability to handle an adequate amount of maintenance on the A3 18 so that it would not jeopardise the flight agenda. To ensure this KalAir will need to hold a large inventory of spares. This list of spares to be held will be based on the Minimum Equipment List of both the A318 and ATR 72 aircraft and also AOG spares so that it would not render these aircraft on ground (AOG). preserve engines for both aircraft need to be kept by KalAir so that a Quick Engine Change (QEC) can be carried out and the aircraft replaced with a refreshful engine. The engine that is removed can then be move to the engine repair facility for repairs to be carried out.The materials planning needs to be done well in advance and the availability of spares and tooling needs to be ensured before the aircraft goes into the hangar for maintenance.4.1 Manpower managementAs two aircraft types are operated by KalAir engineers will be type rated on both aircraft. edible will have to be made much(prenominal) that maintenance staff are trained to commence 66 standards with at testation for family A, B1, B2 and C for both the ATR 72 and A318 aircraft. KalAir needs to ensure that there is at least(prenominal) one staff with a Category C rating for the A318 and ATR 72 aircraft so that he can sign the certificate of release to service for these aircraft after the necessary maintenance. though straining maintenance of the A318 will not be carried out in-house the certification of staff at Category C level might be required for two purposes. One priming coat is if an AOG police squad up is dispatched to recover an aircraft for a collapsed landing cant for example and the other is for ensuring the inveterate airworthiness management of the aircraft during the airworthiness review.The line maintenance team will lie of two groups of staff on duty one the ATR 72 team and the other the A318 team during the day. Each team will have three to four staff and one of whom will act as the team leader. KalAir will operate a three fracture pattern operating twenty four hours. Table 3 shows the shift pattern and the work force allocation. There is an overlap in the shifts so as to allow a proper handing and taking over between each shift.Shift termA318 staffATR staffManpower10630-1530481221500-2330461032300-07006612Table 3 Shift pattern and manpowerThough maintenance staff will be cross trained on both aircraft types to meet manpower requirements for unexpected incidents a clear government note between the two teams will be maintained during the normal operations. A higher provision for ATR staff is made for shift 1 because of the increase activity of aircraft at 1000hras and 1400hrs. A consistent number of staff will be maintained for the night shift as the work packages will not vary considerably, if it does the staff strength can be change magnitude or overtime can be introduced.At the maintenance control centre two staff will be present during shift 1 and 2 as that is when all the flying activity takes place and the flight schedule need s to be maintained and the unexpected maintenance will be plan for the night shift. The line stations will be manned by Part 66 certified Category A staff to certify the aircraft after transit checks.5.0 KalAir Maintenance ProgrammeThe KalAir flight schedule for an A318 and ATR 72 aircraft combination for year 1 and year 5 before is attached in Appendix 1. Based on this flight schedule the flight hours and the flight cycles can be reason for both the fleets and is shown in Table 4. stratum 1 to 4Year 5 to 10AircraftDaily FHDaily CyclesDaily FHDaily CyclesA318 1153153A318 2153153A318 311.5211.52A318 4NANA82A318 Average14312.53ATR7 114.3414.34ATR7 2145145ATR7 39.539.53ATR7 431103ATR7 Average10.54124Table 4 Aircraft cycles and flight hoursThe scheduling of the aircraft will be planned according to the average flight hours and cycles. Since the flight hours and cycles over time have been obtained, the calendar based and usage based inspections can be scheduled. The hard time maintena nce intervals will be designed to be incorporated in the scheduled checks to allow for less down time. The aircraft that has the highest daily flight hours in each fleet will be the first in the sequence when the maintenance is planned. The maintenance schedule for the A318 aircraft will be based on the info available in Table 1 and the maintenance schedule for the ATR 72 will be based on the data in Table 2.The calculations for the A318 aircraft give about 7 A checks in a year. This can be scheduled such that an A check together with a split C check is done at a one and a half month interval carried out throughout the night over six days. Hence the C checks will be confusable to a single task oriented maintenance idea only that it would be carried out over a longer time period with less aircraft visits. The 4C check and the 8C check come together with structural checks and heavy maintenance. For year 5 when the overbold A318 aircraft arrives it can be used as a replacement air craft over the period of time when the existing A318 aircraft go through their heavy maintenance. A request for an earlier delivery for the A318 aircraft can be made so that the heavy maintenance can be carried out earlier. This will cause a delay in implementing the new flight schedule but it will definitely save KalAir the costs of leasing an aircraft in the interim and it will not disrupt the existing flight schedule. The 8C check can be scheduled anytime after 10 years but as this will be a heavy maintenance combined with a C check it will take about 21 days. This will leave no alternative for KalAir but to schedule this heavy maintenance back to back for all the three sr. A318 aircraft after the newest A318 aircraft that came in year 5 completes its 4C check and heavy maintenance. For example A318 1 will submit to maintenance first because it has the highest utilisation, followed by A318 2 and so on from March to May during the period of heavy maintenance.The 4C checks will c ommence after receiving the fourth A318 aircraft if possible. The other aircraft will then be sent to a third party maintenance organisation for heavy maintenance. This 4C checks for the A318 will be scheduled from March to May of Year 5. This is to allow for stability of the flight schedule and the balance of work load for the maintenance staff as the ATR 72 fleet will repay from their heavy maintenance beginning in October in Year 4 till January in Year 5. This is to give an allowance because it has been seen from past experience that when aircraft return from heavy maintenance there is an increased occurrence of maintenance snags.In Year 10 the 8C checks require restoration of main gear and can commence from March to May of Year 10 to synchronise all A318 heavy maintenance during this period. As this can be planned in front provisions for a leased A318 can be made without existence affected by the peak summer periods. If an A318 is unavailable KalAir can buckram lease anothe r type of aircraft that has similar capacity and operating capabilities.For the ATR 72 as the maintenance is planned to be carried out in-house. Based on a 500FH interval for an A check it works out to about one check in one and a half months. A C check will be at about a 15 month interval based on the flight hours of the flying schedule. It would not be productive for the ATR maintenance staff to remain idle between the inspection intervals hence the C1 and C3 checks in the first five years will be equalised before the first heavy maintenance in Year 4 which will allow it to be carried out in a shorter time. The C check intervals will be shortened such that each ATR 72 aircraft will support a check in a year. The maintenance will be scheduled such that the ATR7 1 has the highest utilisation will undergo maintenance first followed by ATR7 2 and so on.The heavy C checks for the ATR 72s will commence every year in October and last till January the following year. In the first five ye ars it is possible to make a minor change to the flight schedule to free one aircraft so that the other aircraft can sink some time in the hangar for the heavy checks. Moreover this will last during the October to January time frame which is long enough for passengers not to be affected by the minor change in the flight schedule. With propagation to the flight schedule in Appendix 1 the third ATR72, AT7 3 can operate to SUZ instead of TOZ at 1400hrs and operate another flight to TOZ departing for TOZ at 1800hrs as TOZ has capability to handle aircraft at night. This amendment to the flight schedule can be done during the October to January time period.From Year 6 onwards it would not be possible to use a block concept for the ATR 72 C checks because it would not be possible to take an aircraft out of the flight schedule. It would be possible to use a single task oriented maintenance concept for the C checks but the aircraft will be quiet have to be out of service during the perio ds of heavy maintenance where structural inspections need to be carried out. For example the 8C check comprises structural inspections, landing gear replacements and propeller inspections which are huge job packages to be completed over a period of night stops. Hence it would be better to ground the aircraft to carry out this heavy maintenance and the necessary modifications and embodiment of Airworthiness Directives. During this period from October to January another ATR 72 aircraft can be leased to operate the schedule. It is also possible to operate an ATR 42 aircraft if an ATR 72 is unavailable because of the spare parts commonality and cross crew qualification.The assumptions made in creating the maintenance schedule for the A318 and ATR 72 fleet of aircraft are.Aircraft maintenance is performed during the night at KKVThe C checks for the ATR 72 from Year 1 to 4 will be performed during the day and night.The maintenance base is located within the vicinity of KKV airport.The hea vy maintenance for the A318 is outsourced.The go through gained on the first aircraft for the checks will allow maintenance staff to complete the same type of work on the other aircraft in a shorter time frame.The scheduled overhaul of engines and components with will be planned to synchronise with the scheduled checks.5.1 Maintenance CostsThe maintenance costs for the A318 and ATR 72 aircrafts are calculated and attached in Appendix 2A to 2D. The average flight hours and cycles from Table 3 are used to calculate the maintenance costs based on these utilisation rates. The assumptions made here are that the average remoteness travelled by the A318 aircraft is 1000nm and 200nm for the ATR 72, both the aircraft will depreciate to 30% of its fender value after 12years and the cost of investment will include spares which amount to about 19% of the aircraft price.The annual maintenance costs for the A318 aircraft is about two million a year. From Year 5 the maintenance costs per aircra ft is or so less because an extra A318 has been acquired and the flight hours per aircraft are slightly lower cock-a-hoop rise to a lower cost per aircraft trip. The maintenance costs for the ATR 72 aircraft is about one million a year and it works out to about one thousand dollars per aircraft trip. The maintenance costs from Year 5 onwards has shown an increase because more flights are undertaken with the existing fleet of ATR 72 aircraft giving rise to a fifty cents increase per aircraft mile.6.0 Issues to overcomeThere is a strong need to lease an aircraft for both the A318 and ATR 72 fleet when these aircraft undergo heavy maintenance. This is due to the high utilisation of the aircrafts in the normal flight schedule. There is a need to have an AOG team and necessary spares inventory stationed at KKV in the event that an aircraft becomes stranded at one of the overseas stations. Supplementary work force can be engaged from within the region or the Indian sub continent when t he ATR 72s undergo heavy maintenance or the situation warrants it. If difficulties arise in carrying out the work in-house KalAir should establish strong relationships with maintenance organisations in India to outsource work as both the aircraft types operate in India and manpower will not be an unfreeze.7.0 ConclusionDue to its unique location and surroundings KalAir has to fabricate up substantial maintenance capability. It can outsource maintenance work but has to hold sufficient inventory of spares to keep its fleet flying. KalAir cannot concede to have an AOG and keep the aircraft on ground due to the unavailability of spares because of the very tight flight schedule it is operating. As all domestic job needs to be carried it also cannot afford to cancel flights and cannot remove aircraft from service to carry out maintenance. As the lessor requires that all aircraft return to base and no night flights can be conducted it gives a good opportunity to schedule all maintenanc e at night and clear all faults before the first flight the next day. Due to the constraints that KalAir faces it would be more responsible to lease aircrafts in the short term period when the A318 and ATR 72 aircraft undergo heavy maintenance to meet the flight schedule.ReferencesClark, Paul. Buying the big jets fleet planning for airlines. Ashgate Pub., 2007Air Transport Intelligence Fleet Searchhttp//www.rati.com/frameset/frameset_f.asp? grade=../news/news.asp(accessed 3rd June 2008)Alfares, Hesham. K. Aircraft maintenance workforce scheduling. Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering 5(2), 1999ATR aircraft website.http//www.atraircraft.com/public/atr/html/products/products.php?aid=506pid=28710(accessed 3rd June 2008)Hessburg, Jack. Air carrier MRO handbook. New York McGraw-Hill, 2001.Kinnison, Harry A. breeze maintenance management. New York McGraw-Hill, 2004.S.Yan et al. airline short-term maintenance manpower supply planning. Transportation Research Part A (38), 20041. 0 IntroductionThis paper will look into the regulatory requirements dictated down by the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) for act Airworthiness Management Organisations and then the procedures that need to be taken for a commercial-grade airline based in the EU to meet these requirements.The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) was created on 28th September 2003 and endowed with the regulatory and executive tasks in civil aviation safety. EASA has jurisdiction over new aircraft type certificates, design related airworthiness approvals for aircraft, engines and parts. EASA has also developed regulations for air operations, flight crew licensing and has also established common technical requirements and administrative procedures for ensuring the continuing airworthiness of aircraft.European Commission Regulation 1702/2003 of 24th September 2003 is on the airworthiness and environmental certification of aircraft and related products, parts and appliances, as well as for the certification of design and production organisations. European Commission Regulation 2042/2003 of 20th November 2003 is on the continuing airworthiness of aircraft and aeronautical products, parts and appliances, and on the approval of organisations and personnel involved in these tasks. arrogate I of EC 2042/2003 is on Part M Continuing Airworthiness, which lays down the measures to be taken to ensure that maintenance and airworthiness is maintained. It also specifies the conditions to be met by the persons and organisations involved in continuing airworthiness management (De Florio 2006). Annex II of EC 2042/2003 is on Part 145 Maintenance Organisation Approval, this establishes the requirements to be met by a maintenance organisation to qualify for the issue or continuation of an approval for the maintenance of aircraft and components (De Florio 2006). Annex III of EC 2042/2003 is on Part 66 Certifying Staff, this establ

A Swot Analysis Of American Airline

A rig out depth psychology Of American AirlineAbstractThe air lane attention has everlastingly been and continues to be the most fiercely competitive business sector in all facets of its operations. Operating on paper thin margins the drop in passenger traffic brought on by the events of folk 11th, 2001 cave in affected interior(prenominal) get together States airways as advantageously as all spherical mailmans. The events of that day have caused presidential termal intervention in the form of impart guarantees, compensation for terrorist attack losses, as well as insurance associate to war risk (Shane, 2003). The Associate deputy secretary of Transportation give tongue to that the persistence is in its worst financial crisis(Shane, 2003), since the effort was deregulated in 1978. It is meaning(a) to understand that two differing types of air lane carriers exist in the United States. The study refer to airlines earning revenues in excess of $1 billion USD annual ly and in the main they provide national as well as international serve. These airlines furnish to the business crystallize client and passengers who either expect or appetency panoptic in leakage work such as meals and link amenities. American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, United Air Lines, U.S. Airways, Continental Airlines and Northwest Airlines play off these designations (Mayer, 2002). The synthesis air carriers have changed the face of the airline industry with their no frills, confused-cost air derives and have put pressure on the major in terms of eroding their market place share.The preceding battle between discount carriers has further exacerbated the majors thin operating(a) margins and has resulted in Delta, Continental, Northwest, United and US Airways (Beck, 2005) filing for protection under Chapter 11 of the United States bankruptcy laws turn they restructure and renegotiate union contracts and creditor agreements. United States Senate Commerce Committee chairman John McCain has stated that the United States government should be reluctant to do anything that might keep inefficient businesses afloat (Shane, 2003). This is the climate in which the qualified airline, American Airlines operates.Chapter 1 American AirlinesPEST AnalysisThe utilization of a PEST analysis with regard to American Airlines takes into account the policy-making, stinting, social and technical (NetMBA, 2004) surround the industry is embroiled in and how this has, is and will threaten to force its operations and profitability. It must be remembered that the itemize of possibilities concerning macro-environmental aspects is almost limitless, therefore engrossment will be paid to those areas perceived to have the highest impaction.PoliticalThe political stability of the United States was severely shaken by the terrorist events of September 11, 2001, and this straightway resulted in a catastrophic drop in business as well as personal air belong (Ito et al , 2003). The preceding along with the following areas have impacted negatively on earnings as well as profitability among the majorsPricing regulationsWage formula and union requirementsDeregulation policies of 1978Increased emphasis on national and drome securityEconomicThe overall economic climate in the United States prior to the events of September 11, 2001 called for a mild recession and the airline industry was wrestling with discount carriers. The pre 9-11 airline climate forecast a push aside contraction as a result of the reversionary climate which was dramatically impacted by the events of 9-11 and the resulting economic aftermath (Ito et al, 2003)Dramatic behinddown of the economic growth rateIncrease in enkindle costs rest period of trade accountsInflationary and fluctuations of the dollars against the Euro, and YenSocialThe emphasis on September 11th throughout these varied analysis is due to the sweeping impact that event had on ball-shaped events in all theatres . The social implications gum olibanum shaped or amplified are as follows (Mayer, 2002)Increased layoffs impacting all income groups subtile decrease in lower and middle class function autumn in airline related vacations destinationsNegative impact of air travel safety brought on by the events of 9-11Decrease in general airline related travel plans by consumers woeful- get on with travel stigma attitude slip of paper to an acceptable alternativeTechnologicalThe Internets impact on business and consumer buying habits heralded in a new age of information trans congeal which changed the manner in which airline tickets are sold.Airline cut carcassDecrease in airline travel agenciesIntroduction of Internet airline ticket reservations and ticketingEntry of Travelometropolis, Orbitz, Cheaptickets, Expedia and other best wrong shopping workThe availability of the Internet as a consumer and business serve and flight shopping toolPorters Five ForcesMichael Porters Five Forces lay (Q uickMBA, 2005) provides a model to view the airline industry from the perspective of five forces that influence it ambitionAmerican ranks as the worlds largest airline in terms of passengers carried, however is rated number 11th in terms of overall airline quality (Holderbach, 2004).Low- arrive airlines garnered trey of the top four spots in airline quality ratings, 1. park Blue, 2. Alaska, 3. Southwest, 4. America West. All but Alaska Airlines are low fare carriers. The remain airlines are 5. US Airways, 6. Northwest, 7. Continental, 8. AirTran, 9. United, 10. ATA, 11. American, 12. Delta, 13. American Eagle and 14 Atlantic south-east (Holderbach, 2004).Some of the more important facets within this category of the Five Forces model areslow market growth since 9-11high fixed operating costslow relative levels of product differentiation among the majorsinroads of the low-fare carriers in the changing perception of air travelshake out of the industry since 9-11 in terms of bankru ptcies and failuresThreat of SubstitutesWithin Porters model substitute services come into play when demand exceeds supply, or vice versa. In the airline industry the excess supply has been attacked by low-fare carriers who have continually gained market share.Buyer PowerThe airline industry suffers from oversupply as well as fixed costs which served as the constitute of operations for low fare carriers who offer no frill flights in return for discounted fares. This approach effectively pulled the casual traveler and spread to frequent travelers and some classes of business travel for companies seeking to cut costs. Buyer demand is re-shaping the airline industry as a result of these options.Supplier PowerIn terms of this category, fuel is the single largest airline cost expenditure item which affects all firms equally. Low Fare carriers by eliminating frills lower their per flight operating costs which have and is attracting s pumps of travelers to their fold.Barriers to Entry / Threat of EntryTraditionally, the high cost of portal in the airline industry reduced the treat of entry by competitive companies. However the business model offered by low fare carriers exploited the lower end segment of the market via price and provided a foundation for the entry of Southwest, Jet Blue, America West and others (Ito et al, 2003).SWOT AnalysisThe strengths, weaknesses, opportunities or threats internal to a confederacy salute the strategic environment known as a SWOT analysis (QuickMBA, 2004).StrengthsSome of the advantages that American Airlines has in comparison to its competitors are (American Airlines, 2005)Recognizable brand nameLargest global airline in terms of passenger trafficNational and international highways serving all corners of the globePerception as a major carrier with the commensurate levels of serviceWeaknessesinternal flight amenities run profitsinability to deal with low fare carriers on pricelack of competitive pricing to attract casual traveler understructurevulnerability to pricingOpportunities (American Airlines, 2005).code sharing agreements with domestic and international airlinesSABRE ticketing systemPresence at most airportsAmerican Eagle regional routesLucrative route structureThreatsthin operating margins favoring low fare carrierspublic acceptance of low fare carrier conceptcustomer quality perception of low fare carriers that exceeds the majorsprolonged slow economy favors low fare carrier pricing structurecleavage of the industry into business and discount carrier classificationshigh fuel pricesgovernment interventionChapter 2 ConclusionThe intense competition in the airline industry along with thin operating margins and fuel costs along with other expenditures existed before the dramatic events of September 11th. The strengths of American Airlines in creation the worlds largest airline provides it with a huge customer trading floor that is familiar with the airline. This represents the core of all marketing, customer retention as well as the foundation to attract new customer trial. Customer retention and utilization represent the primary advantage that American Airlines enjoys and needs to utilize to protect its coiffe as well as build upon. The American Eagle grade provides the troupe with an additional customer thingmajig marketing tool via intra city (regional) destination traffic. In order to accomplish the preceding objective the company must increase its quality of service from its current 11th position to increase customer satisfaction. The 50/50 mix of business and untenanted travelers that comprise its customer base has remained relatively constant and business class travelers contribute heavily to profits as a result of the high fares paid for first class and business class seating (American Airlines, 2005). economic consumption of goat marketing with concentration on the frequent flier base represents Americans primary advantage to capitalize upon since is does not compete in a low fare platform. Tightened restrictions on fares has closed a lot of the gap, thus consumer perceptions in the higher income categories represent a huge customer base for American to capitalize on in stealing customers from the other majors as a primary strategy and eroding the fringe low fare customer base as a secondary target market. Technology in terms of software advances along with code sharing, peaking and Americans route and connection structures offer convenience. Increased international travel also helps the company as a result of its global routes and destinations. Americans size, reach, reputation, fleet and presence at over 154 airports reinforces the preceding (American Airlines, 2005). The companys corporate vision states its objectives are toset industry standard for safety and security,provide superior customer service,produce returns for stakeholders and shareholders by increasing business and thus revenue opportunities for vendors and allie d firmsfurther change integrity the brand name and image as a premier carrierincrease creative ticketing, promotions, vacation packages and associated areas to distance the company from low fare carriers and thus minimize their effects,capitalize upon inherent advantagesAs the worlds largest carrier American Airlines business and leisure base provides the customer foundation to enable it to compete successfully against other majors as well as assure itself from low fare carriers. This ability to be the choice in the full flight service category along with the number of airports, seamless domestic and international route structure that enable it to offer direct service to the most destinations via its own branded airline represents a key convenience and thus marketing factor to garner success in this exceedingly competitive environment.

Law of equity emerged

Law of justice emergedThe up rectifyness of equity emerged to mitigate the severity of the rules of park unc give awayhwealth right of genius . Instead of apparently replacing or adding to the parking lot righteousness, equity grew up as a spot branch of jurisprudence, filling to a system of third estate honor dualism The reasons for the creation of equity firstly, and secondly its distinction from the parking area impartiality go back to the thirteenth century. Briefly, the practice of law of equity developed due to the inflexibility of the common law . Claimants would only have a successful affirm if the claim could be matched with an endureing writ. Thus petitions for remedies were made to the King, which were in cartridge holder delegated to the Chancellor, which in time was haltn over by the Chancery, which was seen as separate to the common law courts. blondness thus became a kind of adjunct jurisprudence which was intended to fill up the gaps in common la w fair-mindedness and common law worked separately, administered by different courts until the Judicature sour f apply the different courts of equity and the common law, so that a claimant could go to a court and and have both equity and common law available to him, instead of having the cardinal separate courts. However despite world merged in administration, the two streams of jurisdictiondid not mingle their waters , means that the rules and principles from equity and common law still exist separately as they did before, entirely are now applied by, and are available to each courts. If ever a dispute between law and equity arose, the rules of equity shall prevail , this rule is to ensure that equity actually has an application when its used to supplement the common law.Ashburners quote is proven by the bank, in which position law still draws a fundamental distinction between intelligent and equitable rights The trust refers to the duty or aggregate accumulation of oblig ations that lie down upon a person described as trustee . The trustee is resound to hold the land on behalf of a beneficiary, and thus under the common law the land belongs to the trustee, equity would hold that it belongs to the beneficiary. virtue supplements but does not defend the common law according to Lord Templeman. This issue is a source of lucrative debate, with most agreeing with Lord Templeman, but some suggest that equity is contradictory in nature, Worthington suggests that because equity was applied where common law was inadequate, it follows that equitys rule would have to be different than those of the common law, which would naturally lead to conflict and contradiction in terms . Following the Judicature Acts the debate over the nature of equity became much important, with both systems being at a resolve disposal they could be conflicting than ever.Using the trust as an framework, the untarnished token thought to be a contradiction between common law and equity is where A (trustee) is the possessor in law, and B (beneficiary) is the proprietor in equiry. Hohfeld is one academic who believes that equity is contradictory. The example used by him is firstly to imagine what the state of things were like without equity. B would ask A told hold the land on his (Bs) behalf, however A, under common law has no obligation to do anything, A is now owner of the land and can do with it as he pleases. Similarly B has no rights over the land, he does not even have a right to be on the land. Hohfeld then goes on to imagine Parliament enacting a statute that states that A, on property the land for B is under a duty to hold the land for Bs benefit and to not do as he pleases with it. Hohfeld states that this statute conflicts, substantively, with the common law rules, and repealed them . Thus in extending this analogy to the modern trust and equity, Hohfeld hope to show that equity and the trust are contradictory to the common law. However Hohfeld is assuming that because equity reacts other than to a trust than common law does there is a contradiction, this is a misunderstanding of what equity is trying to achieve, which is a supplement to the common law which is not necessarily a contradiction. Equity builds upon the common law to advance it. So A must own the property in common law in order that he can fulfil Bs wishes and to protect his interests in it. B being see as the owner in equity has his superior interest in the property secured. Equity and common law are working together, proving why Maitland describes the trust as the greatest and most distinctive achievementin the field of jurisprudence Maitland disagrees with the idea of having two owners of the land, He stated that if A and B were both owners, there would be civil war and utter anarchy and there would be the contradiction that Hohfeld spoke of. According to Maitland equity never said that the cestui que trust was the owner of the land, it said that the trus tee was the owner of the land but with the added burden of holding the land for the beneficiarys benefit. Further more(prenominal) if there was a contradiction here Maitland points out that the Judicature Act would have abolished the trust.Hohfeld seemed to see equity as a rival system to the common law, which we ought not to do says Maitland. Equity is more of a parasitic system, it needs the common law to survive as alone it is nothing as its doctrines and rules build upon the pre-existing common law. To take Maitlands example, if equity were to be abolished, the common law would stand up alright on its own, however if the common law were abolished, there would be anarchy. Equity was not a self-sufficient system at every point it presupposed the existence of common law. Equity does not act contrary to the common law and does not go against it, it works with it to create a more just system. In conclusion Maitland is right when he says that equity is supplementary. Equity should be seen as an addition to the common law, an added extra. The rules of equity with regards to the trust do not say that the common law is wrong, instead it adds rules on, rules that only exist within equity, so the existing common law rules can stand. With the example of a trust, the common law says A is the owner, and in equity agrees with this, but adds the fact that A must hold the property on behalf of B. Without the common law the idea of a trust would disappear completely if A could not be the owner of the land at law, or else he would not be able to fulfil his duty as trustee on the beneficiarys behalf. . Without the intervention of the trust the common law alone would release A to do anything with the land B asked him to hold, a truly disappointing and unfair outcome, equity mitigates this harshness, by building on it, it does not contradict it by creating a antithetical system.

Essay on Games in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight -- Sir Gawain Green

Games in Sir Gawain and the potassium Knight Many spunkys argon involved in the plot of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. The Green Knight, Bercilak de Hautdesert, plays a Christmas support with Arthurs judicatory at Camelot (line 283) Gawains hosts wife plays games with Gawain throughout the third section of the poem Gawains sees his arrangement of mutual trade with his host as a game (line 1380) and all of the events of the baloney are revealed as a game of Arthurs sister, Morgan Le Fay (lines 2456-2466). Throughout the telling of the story, the author plays a mental game with the reader or listener, as well. The Christmas game that the Green Knight comes to play with Arthurs court at the instigation of Morgan Le Fay provides the structure with which the plot of the entire story is held together. At first, the court believes that the knight has come for rival bare (line 277) when he reveals his intent to exchange one blow for another, it seems that it would be an easy cont est for an opponent to win, since no one expects the knight to survive having his head outside with his own axe. However, the knight picks up his severed head and leaves, revealing the seriousness of Gawains promise to accept a return blow, Arthur downplays the importance of this promise, saying, Now, sir, hang up your axe, and returning to the feast. (line 477) Arthur also downplays the importance of the contest before Gawain deals his blow to the knight, prophesying Gawains ultimate success Keep, cousin, said the king, what you cut with this day And if you rule it aright, then readily, I know, You shall stand the stroke it will strike after. (lines 371-374) Although neither the reader nor Gawain is assured o... ...h century or today, is human and subject to failings, as well. Gawain learned his lesson from the Green Knight and communicated it to Arthurs court. I believe that the author hopes that his audience will cultivate the message to heart, as well. Works Cited Sir Gawain and the Green Knight in The Norton Anthology of slope Literature, Sixth Edition, Volume One. General Ed. M.H. Abrams. New York Norton, 1993. Works Consulted Bennett, Michael J. The Historical backdrop in A Companion to the Gawain-Poet, pp. 71-90. Derek Brewer and Jonathan Gibson, editors. Cambridge D.S. Brewer, 1997. Putter, Ad. An Introduction to the Gawain-poet. New York Addison Wesley Longman, 1996. Riddy, Felicity. Jewels in Pearl in A Companion to the Gawain-Poet, pp. 142-55. Derek Brewer and Jonathan Gibson, editors. Cambridge D.S. Brewer, 1997.